Medical Imaging Technology

Permanent URI for this collection

https://dspace.alquds.edu/handle/20.500.12213/7165

Browse

Browsing Medical Imaging Technology by Issue Date

Filter results by year or month
Now showing 1 - 20 of 26
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Radiation effective dose measurement for medical staff during orthopedic surgery at Hebron Governmental Hospital
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-02-08) Ahmad AbdElkreem Ismail Farjallah; أحمد عبد الكريم إسماعيل فرج الله
    The study aims at identifying and estimating the radiation does exposes by orthopedic specialist, nurse and anesthetist technician during performing surgeries to pelvic fractures with the assistance of the x-ray machine (C-arm). The study’s hypothesis stated that the orthopedist and medical staff are exposed to high levels of radiation, even though they are not considered as Radiation Workers (RWs). The radiation was monitored by using the Thermoluminescent Dosimeter "TLDs" that store the amount of radiation exposure and then measure it. TLD was placed on the chest area under the lead apron at the level of the center of the body to record the amount of radiation exposure of the whole body. The study was conducted on three workers in the Orthopedic Operation Theatre, and they are: the orthopedic specialist , nurse and anesthesia technician. The total number of surgeries conducted was 21 pelvic fractures fixations . The amount of x-rays exposure during the period of two months was as follows: 0.36 mSv for the orthopedic specialist, 0.34 mSv for the nurse, while the anesthetist technician was the least exposed to radiation with 0.21 mSv. As for the study findings, it becomes clear that the annual dose of exposure for orthopedic staff can reach more than 1.28 mSv only during one type of operation. In general, the orthopedic specialist who performs pelvic surgeries is exposed to a high dose of radiation, which affects the endocrine and body cells. since the amount of radiation exposure exceeds 10% of the maximum permissible radiation dose for medical imaging staff (20 mSv per year), orthopedic specialist and his team should be classified as radiation workers and they must be monitored radiologically on a regular basis because I do not know the harmful effects of this small dose on the human body تم عمل الدراسة بهدف معرفة و تقدير كمية الأشعة التي يتعرض لها أخصائي العظام و والممرض وفني التخدير أثناء إجراء العمليات الجراحية لكسور الحوض بمساعدة جهاز الأشعة ( C-arm) ، كانت الفرضية في هذه الدراسة بأن أخصائي جراحة العظام والطاقم الطبي يتعرضون لكميات أشعة عالية رغم أنهم لا يعتبرون من فئة العاملين في الأشعة . تم مراقبة الأشعة باستخدام مجسات شعاعيه "TLDs" تقوم بحفظ كمية الأشعة المتعرضة لها ومن ثم يتم قراءتها. تم وضع المجسات في منطقة الصدر تحت الواقي الرصاصي على مستوى وسط الجسم لتسجيل كمية الأشعة المتعرض لها كل الجسم . أجريت الدراسة على 3 عاملين في غرفة عمليات العظام وهم : أخصائي العظام و الممرض وفني التخدير. إجمالي العمليات الجراحية كان 12 عملية لكسور الحوض. وكانت كمية الأشعة التي تعرض لها أخصائي العظام خلال شهرين 6.30 ميليسيفرت . بينما كانت كمية الأشعة التي تعرض لها الممرض 6.30 ميليسيفرت إما فني التخدير فكان الأقل تعرض للأشعة بواقع 6.12 ميليسيفرت . من نتائج البحث اتضح انه يمكن أن تصل الجرعة السنوية للعاملين في قسم عمليات العظام إلى أكثر من 2.11 ميلسيفرت في العام خلال نوع واحد من العمليات فقط . بشكل عام فإن أخصائي العظام , الذي يجري عمليات جراحية للحوض يتعرض إلي جرعة عالية من الأشعة تؤثر علي الغدد الصماء و خلايا الجسم و بما أن كمية الأشعة التي يتعرض لها تتجاوز إل 10 % من جرعة الأشعة القصوى المسموح فيها للعاملين في مجال الأشعة 20) ملييسيفرت في السنة .( لذلك يجب أن يصنف جراحي العظام , علي أنهم من فئة العاملين في الأشعة و يجب مراقبتهم إشعاعيا بصفة دورية، و ذلك لعدم معرفتنا بضرر هذه الجرعة الصغيرة علي جسم الإنسان .
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Analysis of Tumor Markers Effect after Radiation Exposure among Palestinian Radiation Workers
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-06-12) Areej Najeeb Ali Dahdol; اريج نجيب علي دحدو ل
    Objective: The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of low radiation doses on tumor markers tests. And to follow up the policy that carrying out the tests for Radiation Workers. Also, demonstrate the effect of independent variables such the cumulative dose, Hospital location, and type of work on tumor markers. Method: the researcher reviews a retrospectively collected database of tumor marker tests in four governmental hospitals +between 2013- 2019, to following the patterns of tumor marker over the years. The cumulative doses records were taken from energy department in ministry of health. Additionally to distribute a questionnaire to correlate independent variables with tumor markers records and also to demonstrate the policy following of carrying out these tests among RWs. 78 radiation workers participated. Results: after several years of following tumor markers, all tumor markers tend to increase in a normal range, especially the CEA; approximately 57% of radiation workers have an increase in CEA. The smoking workers have a statistically significant change in CEA; also the study not shown any relationship between the radiation doses and tumor markers. While a measure of the knowledge level of policy show 73% of worker answered that no one is responsible for following tests results. Further, 91% of workers admit no action was taken in the event of an abnormal result found. Conclusion: Until now all tumor markers results was in a normal range, even if they tend to a little increase from year to year, but that still prove nothing without repeat this study and comparing this group of worker with another different type of workers, to understand if this increase that have noticed here in this study come from radiation or not. Otherwise highlight the role of policy officer who’s responsible for monitoring the carrying out these tests and follow up what happen on radiation workers tests results.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Public Exposure from Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Smog in the West Bank – Palestine
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-06-14) Mahmoud N. AlKhatib; محمود الخطيب
    Since the increase of sources and technologies that usingRadiofrequency (RF) Electromagnetic radiation worldwide and locally, and increase in public fear about the adverse health effect of RF, especially after it has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a part of World Health Organization (WHO), this study was performed to show the RF levels in the West Bank, and compare them with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Experimental measurements conducted in 149 locations over the area of the West Bank, using exposure meter EME Spy 140, measured the Electric field strength (Vm-1). These measurement results show that the highest exposure level at any point was 7.428 Vm-1, at Ramallah city center which is a highly-populated area. The main contributor was the FM frequency with 50% of total exposure, the next main contributors were the mobile phone base stations downlinks with 34%. The exposure in dense urban areas was significantly the highest compared to other types of areas. The total exposure quotient (TEQ) is calculated for each location, the maximum TEQ was 0.13. All of these results ensure that the level of RF in the West Bank is below the ICNIRP level.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Assessment of radiation doses for cardiac and left anterior descending coronary artery in patients undergoing Left breast radiation therapy in Palestine
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-08-15) Bayan Saleh Ali Suleiman; بيان صالح علي سليمان
    Purpose: To evaluate radiation doses in cardiac radiotherapy planning in left breast cancer patients using 3D conformal radiotherapy planning technique based on computed tomography (CT) dose planning. Methods: Data was retrospectively collected from archived Computed Tomography (CT) images, whole heart and left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) radiation doses at Augusta Victoria Hospital (AVH) between 2017-2019. Data composed of 176 breast cancer radiotherapy cases; 70 chest wall irradiated mastectomies patients, and 106 breast irradiated lumpectomies patients. Individual dose volume histograms for the whole heart and for LAD were obtained, in addition to the calculated mean, median and maximum volume percentage (V10%, V25%, V30%) of these structures for the study sample which represents the percentage of heart volume receiving (x) Gy or higher, then compared to the Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC) guidelines and previous studies for dose assessment of heart and LAD. Represents the percentage of an organ’s volume receiving (x) Gy or higher Results: Results showed the whole mean heart dose (MHD) and the mean dose of LAD were 2.2 Gy and 13.94 Gy, respectively. In which, 4.5% of patients received MHD ≥ 4Gy, all subjects received V25% less than 10cm expect one V25% ≥ 10. 11 % of patients received LAD maximum dose ≥ 45 Gy. In spite of the dose variations found in both MHD and LAD in this study, and the dose differences noticed when compared to studies that used other radiotherapeutic techniques such as Deep Inspiration Breath Hold technique (DIPTH), MHD and LAD dose assessments were equivalent to those of the compared previous studies and Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC) guidelines. Conclusions: Dose assessments of adjuvant CT-based radiotherapy of subjects with left breast cancer demonstrated similar MHD but higher LAD doses when compared to previous studies and QUANTEC guidelines used to predict cardiac toxicities in most patients in the study sample. Since there is no worldwide standardized protocol or heart dose constrains in left breast radiotherapy, this study suggests maintaining the lowest received dose and volume of the heart or organ at risk included in the treatment plan, as well as using advanced techniques.as DIPH to reduce the latent effects on radiotherapy patients, especially the heart complications that could occur.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Effective patient Preparation durin Prostate Radiotherapy Evaluations of Bladder and Rectum Doses
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-08-22) Qusai Mohammad Mustafa Tamim Tamimi; قصي محمد مصطفى تميم تميمي
    Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that affects the prostate gland, it is considered as the second most mortality rate cancer among men. In low and intermediate risk prostate cancer patients,radiotherapy is the choice of treatment. With the advent of the radiation therapy it is now possible to treat the cancerous tissue accurately by localizing the tumor and then providing the exact dosing without harming the surrounding normal tissues. Image-guided radiation therapy or IGRT can evaluate the dose of radiation therapy to the target and Organs at Risks OARs effectively. The dose-volume histograms obtained from IGRT can help in assessing the effective dose of radiation given to the prostate, rectum, and bladder. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of bladder and rectum preparation protocol in dosevolume histograms (DVHs) in prostate cancer patients. The dosimetric changes resulted from the change in bladder and rectum volume with the bladder preparation and rectum clearance protocol were also evaluated in this study. In this retrospective study total 15 patients were included and 396 Cone Beam Computed Tomography CBCT scanning data was evaluated to obtain information. The patients were subjected to a bladder and rectum preparation protocol and insuring that they followed the protocol strictly. After the irradiation process DVH was constructed. The maximum, minimum and average dose to Urinary Bladder and Rectum were checked and compared to the DVH at the original plan which was calculated on the CT simulation images for each patient. Statistical significance was set at a P value < 0.05. Analyses were performed using R software and IBM SPSS version 23 for Windows. The result indicated that there is a significant difference between the planned bladder volume and also the average volume. The bladder filling protocol used by this study was able to reach a mean bladder volume of 314 mL. During the treatment time, this value got reduced and a mean bladder volume of 207 mL was achieved at the time of the radiotherapy. Also a statistically significant differences was observed regarding the bladder and rectum doses between planning and daily treatment sessions. Statistically significant differences in Rectum volume in both planned volume and average volume were reported. These differences are in both real values (P-value=0.024) and proportions to planned values (P-value=0.007). The change in mean dose to the bladder would increase while the volume of the bladder shrinks (P-value=0.00). The present study reported that rectum and bladder volume has a significant effect on the dosimetric parameters. The main contributing factor that can help in achieving the optimal plan is the bladder volume. Bigger bladder volume in the planning phase results in higher differences in volume and doses in the time of the treatment. .
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Evaluation of the Application of Orthopedic Metal Artifact Reduction and Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms in CT Imaging of Hip Prostheses
    (Al-Quds University, 2021-05-28) Omarah Naser Saed AbdAlqader; عماره ناصر سعيد عبد القادر
    The CT imaging of metal hip prosthesis causes metal-related artifacts reducing the overall image quality and clinical value of CT. This study aims to an evaluation of using orthopedic metal artifact reduction (O-MAR) technique and iterative model-based reconstruction (IMR) in CT imaging of bilateral total hip prostheses in a pelvis phantom. The fabricated pelvis phantom has four major components, pelvis bones, muscle, fat, and vascular structures, and was made using different concentrations of respectively calcium sulfate, bee wax, agarose powder, and Iohexol. Two types of hip prosthesis were used total hip and Austen Moore prosthesis. Different types of algorithms, filtered back projection (FBP), iDose4, and IMR with different Kilo-Voltage peak (kVps) settings at 80, 100, 120, and 140, combined with O-MAR were applied on this phantom. The image quality criteria were CT number, noise, and signal to noise ratio (SNR) and were analyzed by five regions of interest (ROIs), while regions R1 and R5 were the primary focusing. The five RIOs representing the following anatomy (right common iliac artery, left common iliac artery, right gluteus medius muscle, fat, and urinary bladder) respectively from R1 – R5. Without the prosthesis, results showed that IMR resulted in lower CT number, noise values, and increased SNRs relative to FBP and iDose4 for regions R1-R5. With the prosthesis, O-MAR improved CT-number precision for region R1 by 49% and 83% for FBP and IMR (p<0.05), relative to iDose4 by 57% without any significant changes at (p<0.05). For region R5, O-MAR improved CT-number precision by 81%, 89%, and 92% towards baseline values for respectively FBP, iDose4, and IMR (p<0.05). Also, O-MAR was most efficient in minimizing noise when integrated with IMR with corrections in the noise in R5 with 79 %, 90 %, and 92 % for respectively FBP, iDose4, and IMR (p<0.05). . Additionally, O-MAR was most effective in correcting SNR deviations when integrated with IMR with absolute SNR corrections in region R5 with 29 ± 1 and 43 ± 4 for FBP and IMR (p<0.05), compared to iDose4 by 37 ± 7 without any significant changes (p>0.05). For region R1, O-MAR improves SNR corrections by 5 ± 1, 23 ± 5, and 42 ± 9 for respectively FBP, iDose4, and IMR (p<0.05). O-MAR paired with IMR revealed an HU correction for region R5 of 90%, 90%, 93%, and 93% for respectively 80, 100, 120, and 140-kVp results. Noise was corrected for with 92%, 91%, 92% and 92% for respectively 80, 100, 120 and 140-kVp results. SNR corrections were 37%, iv 38%, 46% and 52% for respectively 80, 100, 120 and 140-kVp results. For region R1, O-MAR combined with IMR showed an average HU correction of 90%, 68%, 81%, and 93% for respectively 80, 100, 120, and 140-kVp results. Noise was corrected with 89%, 88%, 90% and 89% for respectively 80, 100, 120 and 140-kVp results. SNR corrections were 55%, 42%, 38% and 34% for respectively 80, 100, 120 and 140-kVp results. In conclusion, O-MAR decreases the appearance of metal artifacts using iDose4 and is most efficient in severe artifacts when used in combination with 140-kVp and IMR. CT imaging of a bilateral total hip prosthesis phantom, using IMR together with O-MAR increases image quality by significantly minimizing metal artifacts, reducing noise, and enhancing CT number and SNR.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Medical Imaging Workers: Infection Sources, Awareness and Commitment to relevant Safety Guidelines
    (Al-Quds University, 2021-08-02) Abdulkarim Khalil Atallah Dahdolan; عبد الكريم خليل عطاالله دحدولان
    مقدمة: يُعتبر مرض كورونا (كوفيد-19) هو مرضا معدياً، يُسببه أحد الفايروسات التاجية والذي يُدعى بـِ (SARS-Cov-2)، ظهر لأول مرة في شهر كانون الأول من العام 2019، يعاني معظم الأشخاص اللذين يصابون بمرض كوفيد – 19 أعراضا خفيفة أو متوسطة ويتعافون من دون علاج خاص، ولكن في بعض الحالات تتفاقم الأعراض وحينها يتطلب رعاية طبية. لعب قسم التصوير الطبي دورا مهماً في تشخيص حالات الاصابة بفايروس كورونا بشكلٍ مبكر، لذا كان من الضروري الإلمام بأساليب الوقاية والحماية الشخصية من الأمراض المعدية لدى العاملين في أقسام التصوير الطبي، من أجل تجنب الإصابة بالعدوى وكذلك تجنب المساهمة في نقلها للآخرين. أهداف الدراسة: هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تقيّيم تأثير جائحة كورونا على العاملين في أقسام التصوير الطبي من حيث مصادر العدوى ومدى الوعي والإلتزام بإرشادات السلامة والوقاية. طريقة البحث: تم إجراء دراسة وصفية مقطعية في الفترة من 15 تموز ولغاية 15 أيلول من العام 2020، في أقسام التصوير الطبي في المستشفيات الفلسطينية، عن طريق استبيان تم توزيعه بشكل مباشر على الزملاء العاملين في تلك الأقسام، وكان معيار التضمين او المشاركة في الدراسة هو كافة العاملين في المجال الطبي ( طبيب الأشعة، مقيم الأشعة، تقني التصوير الطبي، وممرضة قسم التصوير الطبي)، اللذين كانوا على رأس عملهم خلال الجائحة. النتائج: تم جمع 205 استبيان، من بينها 54.5% من القطاع الحكومي، 27.2% من القطاع الخاص، 18.3% من القطاع الأهلي، كانت نسبة الإناث 26.8%، و 81.9% يحملون شهادة البكالوريوس، وحوالي 41.2% لديهم خبرة في العمل اقل من خمس سنوات. 36.1% أصيبوا بفايروس كورونا من بينهم 61.6% كان سبب اصابتهم عدوى داخل مكان العمل. كان هناك فقط 63.2% يثقون بجهوزية مستشفاهم لمواجهة جائحة كورونا و 65.1% يعتقدون بجهوزية قسم التصوير الطبي لديهم للتعامل مع الحالات المشتبه او المؤكد اصابتها بفايروس كورونا. 43.3% فقط افادوا بتلقيهم تدريبا للتعامل مع مرضى كورونا، 58.7% أفادوا بأن القراءة الذاتية هي مصدر معلوماتهم حول فايروس كورونا وما يتعلق به، كما أنه لوحظ عدم كفاية التدريب او المعرفة حول نظافة (تعقيم) اليدين والإستخدام الصحيح لوسائل الحماية الشخصية للوقاية من العدوى. الخلاصة: نتيجة لذلك، تؤكد النتائج التي توصلنا اليها على الحاجة الحيوية لتوسيع نطاق التدريب للعاملين في أقسام التصوير الطبي على مكافحة جائحة كورونا فصلا عن تدابير الحماية والوقاية ذات الصلة، وفي سياق متصل نوصي الكليات التي تقوم بتخريج طلاب التصوير الطبي بإستحداث مساق حول الأمراض المعدية وسبل الوقاية واعتماده كمساق اجباري للطلاب.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Justification of Urgent Brain Computed Tomography Scan Examinations In The Palestinian Government Hospitals
    (Al-Quds University, 2022-01-16) Anas Yahya issa Hamad Nazzal; أنس يحيى عيسى حمد نزال
    Emergency departments may need valuable imaging tools such as CT scans, especially in cases of minor head injury. However, they can cause unnecessary radiation risk to patients and can have a high-cost burden if used improperly. The purpose of this study is to assess the use of CT scans in Palestinian public hospitals. A multi-center descriptive cross-sectional analytical design was carefully chosen for achieving the study objectives. A questionnaire survey was also administered to physicians in government hospitals in order to know that to which extent physicians at the emergency departments have the basic knowledge for ordering CT scans. Data was collected by emergency physicians or residents in the hospitals. The study took place in Darwish Nazzal Hospital, Al Hussein Hospital, and Palestine Medical Complex that were in different areas of Palestine. SPSS v25 was used to list frequencies and analyze the collected data by the use of tests. 40% of doctors in the hospitals ordered CT scans with no guideline to depend on. Patients' complaints were compared with international guidelines, the unjustified value was about 41.8% of patients who came to the emergency department. As a result of that, many of the physicians need to be educated on international guidelines about CT scan requirements and the radiation dose from CT scans
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Evaluating the Accuracy of 128-Section Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) in Detecting Coronary Artery Stenosis
    (Al-Quds University, 2022-05-22) Mutasem Mohammad Rafiq Kmail; معتصم محمد رفيق كميل
    تعتبر أمراض الشرايين التاجية من الأمراض الرئيسية المسببة للوفاة في جميع أنحاء العالم. يتم استخدام العديد من التقنيات لتشخيصهم واكتشافهم بما في ذلك التقنيات التداخلية وغير التداخلية (الجراحية وغير الجراحية). الطريقة التداخلية (القسطرة): هي عملية جراحية تعتمد على شق جراحي من الجلد يتم عن طريقه الوصول الى الشرايين التاجية. تعد هذه الطريقة المعيار الذهبي في تشخيص أمراض الشرايين التاجية. على الجهة المقابلة، تتسبب القسطرة في آثار جانبية متعددة للمرضى والتي يجب محاولة تجنبها خصيصاً عند من يعانون من اضطرابات في التخثر واضطرابات في الأوعية الدموية. بناءً على ذلك، هناك ضرورة ملحة لإيجاد طرق ذات أضرار جانبية أقل في الوقت الذي يمكن الاعتماد عليها في تقييم أمراض الشرايين التاجية . يعد التصويرالمقطعي المحوسب متعدد الكاشفات المكون من 128 قسمًا (128-slice MultiDetector CT scan) أحد أهم الطرق غير الجراحية وأكثرها شيوعًا, حيث يساعد في تقييم حالة الشرايين التاجية. هناك حاجة ملحّة لتقييم مدى دقة التصوير المقطعي في اكتشاف أية تغيرات مرضية في الشرايين التاجية من أجل إحلال التصوير المقطعي كبديل عن تصوير الأوعية التاجية بالطريقة التداخلية لتجنب المخاطر المحتملة. لذلك، تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم دقة التصوير المقطعي في اكتشاف أمراض الشرايين التاجية، ولتحقيق ذلك، تم جمع تقارير التصوير المقطعي و تقارير عمليات القسطرة الشريانية لـ 65 مريض من أجل دراستهم ومقارنة نتائجهم. قمنا باستخدام مقاييس إحصائية مختلفة لحساب دقة جهاز التصوير المقطعي مثل: حساسية المعيار والنوعية للمعيار والقيمة الإيجابية المتوقعة والقيمة السلبية المتوقعة للمعيار. أظهرت النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها أن التصوير المقطعي يتمتع بدقة عالية مع قيم عالية لكل من الحساسية والنوعية وقيمة التنبؤية الايجابي وقيمة التنبؤية السلبية. بعض النتائج اظهرت ان نتيجة القسطرة مغايرة لنتيجة التصوير المقطعي المحوسب متعدد الكاشفات المكون من 128 قسمًا لعدة اسباب منها: ضعف التعتيم (الماده الملونه) أو ضبابية الحركة(حركة النبض). نستنتج أن التصوير المقطعي المحوسب متعدد الكاشفات المكون من 128 قسمًا يمكن أن يحل محل القسطرة خاصة للمرضى الذين لا يستطيعون إجراء العمليات الجراحية التداخلية أو الذين يعانون من اضطرابات في التخثر أو الأوعية الموسعة المشوهة.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    A Quantitative Prospective Study for Whole Body- Diffusion MRI and PET-CT in Detection of Primary and Metastatic Malignant Lesions
    (Al-Quds University, 2022-05-22) Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Abu Ali; أحمد محمد أحمد أبوعلي
    فكرة وجود وحدة طب نووي متكاملة تتكون من جهاز ماسح مع مصدر للنظائر المشعة مثل المسارع النووي الدائري للعمل بكفاءة في فلسطين يكاد يكون مستحيلًا بسبب العديد من القضايا التي تبدأ من القضايا السياسية وتنتهي بالقضايا المالية بسبب الإحتلال الإسرائيلي. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو إيجاد طريقة آمنة وصالحة ومتاحة على نطاق واسع كبديل للتصوير البوزيتروني الطبقي لمساعدة أطباء الأورام وكذلك المرضى ، اقترحنا بروتوكول نموذجي معدل للرنين المغناطيسي لتصوير الجسم بالكامل (WB-DWI MRI) لاستسغلال خاصية الإنتشار من جزيئات الماء داخل انسجة الجسم. شارك 33 مريضًا من مرضى الأورام بهذه الدراسة ، 60٪ ذكور (20) و 40٪ إناث (13) ، تتراوح أعمارهم بين 18-74 عامًا بمتوسط عمري 48 عامًا ومتوسط وزن جسم 83 كجم . تم تشخيص إصابة المشاركين بالفعل بأورام أولية بما في ذلك سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية اللاهودجكين،و سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية هودجكين ، سرطان الرحم ، والبروستات ، والبنكرياس ، والمعدة ، والغدة الدرقية ، والكسور المرضية ، والكُتل الجلدية. أظهرت نتائجنا أن التصوير المقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني أظهر 181 كتلة ذات نشاط حيوي عالي في المناطق الأربع (الرأس والعنق، الصدر، البطن والحوض، والجهاز العضلي الهيكلي) لجميع المرضى ، تم اكتشاف نفس الكتل بواسطة WB-DWI MRI الذي يُظهر معظم الكتل نفسها مقيدة في الانتشار بالإضافة لكتل لمفاوية ذات حجم أقل من 1سم بعدد إجمالي 251 كتلة مع مقارنة بين حجم الامتصاص القياسي (SUV) ومعامل الانتشار الظاهر ADC حيث تبين أن الكتل ذات حجم الإمتصاص القياسي (SUV> 2.5) كان معامل الإنتشار الظاهر لها ADC أقل من 1.1 × 10-3 مم 2 / ث. يُظهر التحليل الكمي الإحصائي ارتباطًا إيجابيًا معنويًا بين عدد الكتل المكتشفة باستخدم الرنين المغناطيسي والتصوير البوزيتروني في نفس المنطقة لكل مريض بدلالات إحصائية موزعة كالتالي: 0.178 و 0.434 و 0.606 و 0.840 للرأس والعنق والصدر والبطن والحوض والجهاز العضلي الهيكلي على التوالي ، ويظهر الارتباط المقارن بين ADC و SUV وجود ارتباط سلبي بقيمة p <0.05 وقيمة R = -0.3073. يمكن أن يحل التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي WB-DWI محل التصوير المقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني في حالات سرطان الغدد الليمفاوية ومتابعة الأورام لمراقبة الاستجابة للعلاج بعد العلاج الكيميائي أو العلاج الإشعاعي وكذلك الأمر بعد عمليات الإستئصال الجراحي.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Job Satisfaction of Palestinian Radiographers
    (جامعة القدس Alquds University, 2022-07-18) IHAB RAED AHMAD SALAMEH; إيهاب رائد أحمد سلامة
    Radiographer’s overall condition is paramount to the promotion of excellent patient wellbeing in every country. Thus, radiographs are highly integral and highly indispensable to healthcare institutions and patient care all over the world. This study aims to assess job satisfaction for radiographers in Palestine. A cross sectional study was conducted, using electronic questionnaire distributed among radiographers in Palestine. There were 173 respondents. Participants were mostly males (70.5%), married (61.3%) in the age group of 30 years or less (60.1%), with a bachelor degree (81.5%), working in the private sector (63.6%), with average monthly income above 3500 New Israeli Shekel (50.3%). Most of participants (78.0%) agreed that level of Job satisfaction affect their daily performance and attendance to work. Of the radiographers, (27.2%) were satisfied in their job. The highest level of satisfaction was reported for their relationship with co-workers followed by the amount of responsibility, giving mean scores of 4.53 ±1.445, 4.1 ±1.384, respectively, and they were least satisfied with additional remuneration for work giving mean score 2.24 ±1.465. Spearman’s ratio demonstrated that the strongest correlation factors were support from supervisors (0.820), other factors were participation in decision making (0.805) and utilization of skills (0.790), respectively. Statistically significant differences among overall job satisfaction and sector were radiographers work (p-value: 0.002) were found, which showed that radiographers are more satisfied in other sector (private and NGOs) than in public sector. Radiographers overall job satisfaction was low, (27.2 %) were satisfied, except their relationship with co-workers followed by the amount of responsibility, participants were generally dissatisfied with other job factors. From findings, the main factors correlated with radiographers overall job satisfaction were support from supervisors, other factors that influenced their satisfaction were participation in decision making, and utilization of skills. Statistically significant differences among overall job satisfaction and sector were radiographers work were found. Healthcare policy-makers and hospital managers need to develop and institutionalize evidence based satisfaction strategies considering the factors that influence radiographer’s job satisfaction. تعتبر الحالة العامة لفني الأشعة أمرًا بالغ الأهمية لتعزيز الرفاهية الممتازة للمرضى في كل بلد. وبالتالي ، فان الصور الشعاعية هي جزءً لا يتجزأ ولا غنى عنه في مؤسسات الرعاية الصحية ورعاية المرضى في جميع أنحاء العالم. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم الرضا الوظيفي لفنيي الأشعة في فلسطين. دراسة مقطعية أجريت باستخدام الاستبيان الإلكتروني ووزع على فنيي الاشعة في فلسطين. كان هناك 173 مستجيبا. كان معظم المشاركين من الذكور (70.5٪) ، متزوجين (61.3٪) في الفئة العمرية 30 سنة فأقل (60.1٪) ، حاصلون على بكالوريوس (81.5٪) ، يعملون في القطاع الخاص (63.6٪) ، بمتوسط شهري. الدخل فوق 3500 شيقل (50.3٪). وافق معظم المشاركين (78.0٪) على أن مستوى الرضا الوظيفي يؤثر على أدائهم اليومي وحضورهم إلى العمل. من بين فنيي الاشعة ، (27.2٪) كانوا راضين عن عملهم. تم الإبلاغ عن أعلى مستوى من الرضا عن علاقتهم بزملاء العمل متبوعًا بمقدار المسؤولية ، مع إعطاء متوسط درجات 4.53 ± 1.445 ، 4.1 ± 1.384 ، على التوالي ، وكانوا أقل رضا عن الأجر الإضافي للعمل الذي أعطى متوسط درجة 2.24 ± 1.465. أظهرت نسبة سبيرمان أن أقوى عوامل الارتباط كانت الدعم من المشرفين (0.820) ، والعوامل الأخرى كانت المشاركة في صنع القرار (0.805) واستخدام المهارات (0.790) ، على التوالي. تم العثور على فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية ( p: 0.002) في الرضا الوظيفي بين فنيي الاشعة العاملين في القطاع العام والقطاع الخاص (مستشفيات و مراكز خاصة و مؤسسات اهلية) ، مما أظهر أن فنيي الاشعة كانوا أكثر رضا في القطاع الخاص عن القطاع العام. كان الرضا الوظيفي العام لفنيي الأشعة منخفضًا ، باستثناء علاقتهم بزملاء العمل متبوعًا بحجم المسؤولية ، كان المشاركون غير راضين عمومًا عن عوامل الوظيفة الأخرى. من النتائج ، كانت العوامل الرئيسية المرتبطة بالرضا الوظيفي العام لفنيي الأشعة هي الدعم من المشرفين ، والعوامل الأخرى التي أثرت على رضاهم كانت المشاركة في صنع القرار ، والاستفادة من المهارات. تم العثور على فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في الرضا الوظيفي بين العاملين في القطاع العام والقطاع الخاص , حيث أظهر أن فنيي الاشعة كانوا أكثر رضا في القطاع الخاص عن القطاع العام. يحتاج صانعو سياسات الرعاية الصحية ومديرو المستشفيات إلى تطوير وإضفاء الطابع المؤسسي على استراتيجيات الرضا القائمة على الأدلة مع مراعاة العوامل التي تؤثر على الرضا الوظيفي لفنيي الأشعة.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Radiation Doses and Cancer Risk Assessment for Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography Angiography Procedures in Palestine
    (Al-Quds University, 2022-07-25) Reema Abduallah Ahmad Za'roor; ريما عبدالله أحمد زعرور
    CT procedures may cause radiogenic risk because of the high radiation dose used in image acquisition, comparing to other diagnostic imaging modalities. In global studies, there was a large variation in the Effective Dose (ED) values duringcomputed tomography angiogram (CTA)procedures(2.2-24.4) mSv.The increasing use of CT scans in Palestine has spurredresearchers to do dose assessments and cancer risk studies. However, there is no previous study conducted in Palestine about estimation of radiation dose of CTA scans. Therefore, a dose assessment for CTA patients is highly recommended in Palestine. The main objective of this study is to estimate the radiation effective dose and cancer risk to adult patients (>18years old) CTA procedures, including: lower limp angiogram (LLA), pulmonary embolism angiogram (PEA), head and neck angiogram (HNA) in the selected governmental hospitals in the Palestine. A quantitative cohort retrospective design was used to conduct this study. All adult patients (>18 years old)underwent the selected CTA examinations in the chosen three governmental hospitals. Data collection was through PACS system during two months. The average effective dose was estimated by CT-EXPO softwarefor LLA, PEA and HNA was 7.2±2.9, 5.2±2 and 4.18±2 mSv, respectively, for the total study populationof the three scans ranged between 3 mSv - 11.3 mSv, which was lower than the international studies. Based on hospitals in LLA protocol, the largest value of ED was in Beit Jala Hospital (B.J.H) with 11.3±1mSv in arterial phase and 10.6 in venous phase, Palestine medical complex Hospital (P.M.C) had done only arterial phase with 7±2 mSv then Rafedia surgical Hospital (R.S.H) with 4.79 ± 1 mSv in arterial phase and 4.68±1.1 in venous phase. In PEA protocol, the highest value of ED was also in Beit Jala Hospital (B.J.H) with 7.9±0.9 mSv, Rafedia surgical Hospital (R.S.H) with 4.54±1 mSv then Palestine medical complex Hospital (P.M.C) with 4±1.9 mSv. While in HNA protocol, the largest value of ED in arterial phase was R.S.H with 5.5±1.5 mSv, B.J.H with 4.5±3 mSv then P.M.C with 3.3 ± 0.3 mSv.The overall cancer risk per 100000 procedures for all CTA scans included in the study was 39.7±15.9 for LLA, 28±11.5 for PEA and 23±11.6 for HNA.These values are considered as a low-dose risk estimates due to results derived from Hiroshima atomic bomb data that stated, effective doses ranging between 5 to 50 mSv are associated with higher chances to increase risk of cancer mortality.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    valuation of Intravenous Contrast Agents Timing and Enhancement in Non-Traumatic Abdomen and Pelvis CT Exams
    (Al-Quds University, 2022-08-16) Mo’ath Hussein Ismail Almakhamreh; معاذ حسين مخامرة
    Background: Among the advances that ensured better diagnosis in CT imaging is the use of contrast medium (CM). CM increase image quality by providing higher signal to noise ratio, contrast to noise ratio, and enhancing contrast between internal organs resulting in significant improvement in image quality and hence better diagnosis. Being advantageous means substantial use of the radiologic CM, nevertheless these chemical substances must be administered carefully in terms of timing, and other interrelated factors to improve image quality and to prevent or minimize any adverse effects. The CM used in CT exams is iodine-based that can be ingested or injected intravenously (IV). Awareness of iodinated CM regarding its effects is crucial since its effects can vary from low to life threatening. Even life threatening reactions are rare but they can happen and should be treated promptly. Methods: A cross sectional prospective study was conducted from January 2020 to April 2020. 80 patients from different medical institutions underwent Abdomen, and Pelvis CT scans with IV CM were included; the process of CM timing and other CM related factors including volume, injection rate, injection duration, and concentration were evaluated by comparing the HUs that were a result of using different parameters to the recommended standards. The attenuation values in the Hounsfield Unit (HU) for liver and aorta were measured. The average HU was compared between the 4 groups of institutions. Results: Variation was observed in CT contrast policies and procedures. Widely varying aortic and hepatic enhancement resulted from random use and wide range of timing and other CM factors. Aortic enhancement ranged from 98-361HU, and hepatic enhancement ranged from 13-76 HU, respectively. Mean± SD of maximal aortic enhancement was 264.25±60.23, 213.45±50.83, 200.85±39.2, and 164.2±48.27 .Mean ± SD of maximal enhancement of the liver was 53.4±10.3, 44.9±12, 45.8±10, 34.6±10.1 in institutions A, B, C and D, respectively. Conclusion: Random use of CM timing and protocols will result in less patient safety and widely varying range of enhancement and peak parenchymal enhancement with less homogeneous enhancement.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Influence of Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm on Image Quality of Ultra Low-Dose CT Protocol of the Lumber Spine
    (Al-quds University, 2022-12-11) Israa Jamal Mostafa Odeh; اسراء جمال مصطفى عودة
    Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) or QCT Densitometry is a new examination in computed tomography (CT) used to diagnose bone mineral density. QCT scan is a low-dose protocol with an effective dose value of 1 millisievert (mSv)The dose reduction technique leads to a significant reduction in effective dose at the expense of image quality as it uses the traditional filtered back projection (FBP) method. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithm on image quality and measure the effective dose from low-dose QCT protocol of the lumbar spine CT. This study consisted of 33 patients ( all patients files in the selected period) from both genders aged who were clinically suspected of lower back pain and Osteoporosis during the period from 7th July 2021 to the date of ethical approval. Different types of algorithms, FBP, Sinogram Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE), and iterative beam hardening correction (iBHC) were applied. The image quality criteria including CT number, noise, and signal were analyzed by three regions of interest (ROIs). The three RIOs represent the following anatomy (intervertebral disc, right psoas muscle, and dural sac) respectively, from region 1 – region 3. In addition, for qualitative analysis, the images reconstructed by SAFIRE level 5 (s5) were compared with the grading system by European standards for CT for the evaluation of disc herniation and lumber spine. The noticed results for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-nose ratio (CNR), showed optimization for images when reconstructed by SAFIRE level 5, with mean SNR of 2.9 which is significantly higher than other reconstruction algorithms (p<0.05). Also, the mean CNR was 2.9 which is significantly higher than other reconstruction techniques (p<0.05). The mean effective dose for the whole population was 1.9 mSv. The SAFIRE algorithm was able to reduce the noise levels at all RIO. The quality of the images according to the grading system by European standards for CT for the evaluation of disc herniation and lumber spine.was similar among the radiologists with good agreement. There is no relationship between body mass index (BMI) and SNR, CNR, and effective dose. In conclusion the use of QCT and using SAFIRE level 5 resulted in higher SNR, CNR, and fewer noise values compared to classic FBP and other levels of SAFIRE. Also, QCT using SAFIRE level 5 revealed equivalent image quality compared to standard protocols of the lumbar spine CT.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The Efficiency of FLAIR-Weighted BLADE in image Quality Parameter Correction for Moved Patient
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-03-11) maram mohammad motee ghazawna; مرام محمد مطيع غزاونة
    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical tool that can provide detailed information about the inner structure of a person's body. The use of the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence in imaging the brain is very useful, as it can help identify subtle changes in the brain's structure and function. Due to the sensitivity of MRI to artifacts, it is not always possible to achieve high-quality imaging. The presence of motion artifacts can affect the overall diagnostic value. In this study dipole filling for k-space (BLADE) was implemented for 46 different images with different motion types including right rotation, left rotation, right bending, left bending, flexion, extension, and combination. In this work, we aimed to measure signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and percentage of signal ghosting (PSG). RADIANT DICOM viewer was used to calculate signal intensity (SI) and its standard deviation (SD), the SD is used as the noise index. ImageQC was used to calculate PSG while these measurements are plotted in Microsoft Excel. In this research, we used a control group of 46 patients who have standard images which use the cartesian filling for k-space for comparing the measurements with standard FLAIR sequence. Results showed using BLADE lead to a significant improvement in SNR, CNR, and ghosting in almost all types of motion while failing to correct ghosting from severe patient motion. The mean value of SNR was 1.08 for the dipole filling (BLADE) sequence and significantly reduced to 0.92 for the routine sequence (p<0.05). While the mean CNR was 0.75 for dipole filling and significantly reduced to 0.49 for routine sequence (p<0.05). Finally, the mean PSG for dipole filling was 0.75 and significantly reduced to 0.18 for routine sequence (p<0.05). In conclusion, the dipole filling sequence enhances SNR, and CNR due to flow and eye motion. Although BLADE reduced ghosting artifacts in most types of motion, BLADE was unable to eliminate ghosting appearance from the severe patient motion. التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي (MRI) يوفر معلومات مفصلة حول التشريح الداخلي لجسم المريض, ويعد استخدام بروتوكول تثبيط اشارة السوائل (FLAIR) ذو أهمية في تصوير الدماغ حيث يساعد على التمييز بين السوائل وامراض الدماغ, ومع الأسف ليس من الممكن الحصول على صورة تشخيصية في جميع الحالات نظرا لحساسية التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي لحركة المريض هذه الحركة تؤثر على القيمة التشخيصية للصورة, في هذه الدراسة نسعى لدراسة أثر الملء القطبي للبيانات ل 46 صورة تم تصويرها ب حركات مختلفة بحيث تشمل هذه الحركات دوران لليمين, دوران لليسار, انحناء لليمين, انحناء لليسار, انحناء للأمام, وانحناء للخلف. قمنا في هذه الدراسة بحساب نسبة التباين, نسبة الإشارة الى التشويش, ونسبة الإشارة الوهمية. حيث تم استخدام برنامج RADIANT DICOM لقياس كثافة الإشارة والانحراف المعياري للإشارة, ويستخدم الانحراف المعياري كمؤشر على كمية التشويش. استخدمنا أيضا في هذه الدراسة برنامج imageQC لحساب نسبة الإشارة الوهمية. تم تسجيل النتائج على برنامج مايكروسوفت اكسل وتمت مقارنتها ب 46 صورة تم اجرائها بالبروتوكول المعياري الذي يستخدم الملء الخطي للبيانات, أظهرت النتائج تحسنا في نسبة الإشارة الى التشويش ونسبة التباين, بالإضافة الى حل مشكلة الإشارة الوهمية الناتجة عن تدفق السائل النخاعي وحركة رموش العين بينما لم يتم تصحيح الإشارة الوهمية الناتجة عن الحركات المتكررة للمريض, كان متوسط نسبة الإشارة الى التشويش في الصور التي تم اجرائها باستخدام الملء القطبي 1.08 بينما صور الملء الخطي 0.92 حيث يعتبر فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند قيمة احتمالية اقل من 5%, وبالنسبة لنسبة التباين لصور الملء القطبي 0.75 وانخفض الى 0.49 في صور الملء الخطي ويعتبر هذا فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند قيمة احتمالية اقل من 5%. ختاما نسبة الإشارة الوهمية 0.75 في صور الملء القطبي وانخفض الى 0.18 في صور الملء الخطي حيث يعتبر هذا فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند قيمة احتمالية اقل من 5%. ونستنتج ان الملء القطبي يعزز نسبة التباين ونسبة الإشارة الى التشويش ويحل مشكلة الإشارة الوهمية الناتجة عن تدفق السائل النخاعي وحركة العين بينما يفشل في حل مشكلة الحركات المتكرة.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Knowledge and Practices of Intensive Care Unit Staff of Radiation Protection during Portable Radiography in the City of Bethlehem and East Jerusalem, Palestine
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-05-13) Elias Issa Elias Juha; الياس عيسى الياس جحا
    The application of ionizing radiation in portable radiography is a commonly employed technique within hospital settings, particularly when patients are deemed medically unfit to undergo transportation to the imaging department. Nonetheless, this circumstance might result in personnel being exposed to radiation. This study evaluated the physicians’ and nurses’ awareness level and practices of radiation protection principles and risks of portable radiography in the ICUs, CCUs, and NICUs at nine Bethlehem and East Jerusalem hospitals. For data collection, the researcher designed a prospective multiple-choice questionnaire study consisting of six parts; the first part contains six questions about socio-demographic factors and related work information; the second part deals with radiation protection knowledge and awareness of the intensive care staff; the third part deals with the practices and behavior during portable radiography; the fourth part assesses how often the intensive care staff uses radiation protection equipment; the fifth part studies the staff’s needs for further training and courses regarding radiation protection, and the last part deals with how often the intensive care staff rates their knowledge of radiation protection. The data were analyzed using the SPSS, version 21.0 software, T-test, Tukey test, and ANOVA test. Moreover, the means, standard deviations, and percentages were founded. The results show statistically significant differences between the level of knowledge (P=0.000) and the need for further training and courses regarding radiation protection (P=0.040) according to the years of practice variable. Also, statistically significant differences between the level of knowledge (P=0.000) and the need for further training and courses regarding radiation protection (P=0.045) according to the age variable. Furthermore, statistically significant differences between the level of knowledge (P=0.000) and their behavior and practice (P=0.018) according to the academic education variable, and statistically significant differences between the need for further training and courses (P=0.016) and the use of radiation protection equipment (P=0.029) according to the hospital sector variable. Moreover, the results indicate that there are no differences between the level of knowledge, the need for further training, the use of radiation protection equipment, and practices according to the gender and occupation variables, no differences between the use of radiation protection equipment and practices according to the age and years of practice variables, no differences between the need for further training and courses and the use of radiation protection equipment according to the academic education variable, and no differences between the level of knowledge and practices according to the hospital sector variable. Accordingly, our sample consists of 142 particpents, the overall knowledge and awareness level regarding radiation protection and risks was found to be 56% and rated as fair. Moreover, 56.3% of the participants were found to leave the intensive care department during portable radiography, and 48.6%, 62.7%, 68.3%, and 73.9% stated that they never use lead aprons, thyroid shields, lead gloves, and eyeglasses, respectively. While, 72.5% stated they never attended training or courses regarding radiation protection and 79.6% stated that continuous education officer does not provide them courses or refreshment lectures regarding radiation protection. Thus, their educational level and awareness need to be increased. Implementing courses, presentations, refreshment lectures, and periodic training for these personnel could effectively achieve this goal. Further research using a larger sample is recommended.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Synthesis and Study of Structure of Mixed-Ligand Mononuclear Coordination Compound of Copper, Nickel with 2,2'-Bipyrazine Ligand and Bidentate Nitrogenous Bases
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-05-20) Afnan Ribhee abdallah Mansour; افنان ربحي عبدالله منصور
    The construction of varied networks architectures has been accomplished by incorporating a variety of transition metal coordination geometries in ligand design. Nitrogen-based heterocycles represent a worthy example of ligands that react with metal ions, providing a significant role in the improvement of inorganic complexes and future synthetic works. There are series of new synthesized complexes that contain either copper(II) or nickel(II) metal atom with homoleptic and/or mixed-ligand as 2,2'-bipyrazine, 2,2'-dipyridylamine, 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine. The structures of the coordination compounds which are [Cu(amp)2(NO3)2] where amp: 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine), [(bpz)Cu(OH)(ClO4)-(H2O)]2.H2O, [Cu(bpz)3](ClO4)2.2CH3CN where bpz: 2,2'-bipyrazine, [Cu(dipyam)(H2O)-(pca)]ClO4 where dipyam: 2,2'-dipyridylamine, pca: 2-pyrazinecarboxylate, [Ni(dipyam)2-(bpz)](ClO4)2 and [Cu(bpz)2(H2O)](NO3)2 have been characterized based on several techniques as single crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis (DSC), and characterized in detail of ligands by FTIR spectroscopy. The Cu(II) atom in a new [Cu(amp)2(NO3)2] compound has six coordinated with four nitrogen atoms of 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine (amp) ligands, and with two oxygen atoms of the coordinated nitrate molecule. A distorted octahedral coordination geometry around copper Cu(II) atom. The crystal is monoclinic, with space group P21/c and the unit cell dimensions a = 8.6377 (7), b = 8.9833 (6), c = 9.9958 (8)A°, β = 99.430°, Z = 2 and V = 765.14 (10) A°3. The crystal packing is stabilized by C-H…O and N-H…O hydrogen bonds between the pyridine and amino groups of amp ligand with the oxygen atoms of coordinated nitrate molecule. The chains also are reinforced by C-H…O interactions between the CH group of the amp ligand and oxygen atom of nitrate ligand of neighboring chain. Adjacent Cu chains overlapping with others by π–π stacking interactions connecting by two 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine ligand. The structure of the dimer [(bpz)Cu(OH)(ClO4)(H2O)]2.H2O contains two separate centrosymmetric μ-hydroxy copper(II) dimers, with two terminal 2,2'-bipyrazine ligands, two molecules of water and two perchlorate groups and one water molecule as solvent molecule. The crystal are triclinic, with space group P-1 and the unit cell dimensions are a = 8.0391 (10), b = 8.1718 (9), c = 10.5662 (14)A°, α = 77.973 (5), β = 80.465 (6), γ = 84.271 (5)°, Z = 1 and V = 667.98 (14)A°3. The X-ray study shows that a distorted elongated tetragonal octahedral geometry around each copper(II) atom, where oxygen atoms of water and perchlorate particles located in the axial positions, while the two nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyrazine ligand and two oxygen of the bridging hydroxo groups located in equatorial sites. The hydrogen bond are formed according to the nitrogens of pyrazine ligands, oxygen of perchlorate groups, hydroxide groups of coordinated water and crystallization water molecules. The X-ray study of the new compound [Cu(bpz)3](ClO4)2.2CH3CN conclude to that Cu(II) center has distorted octahedral geometry and the crystal is monoclinic, with space group P21/c and the unit cell dimensions a = 11.2508(6), b = 22.1602(12), c = 13.6980(8)A°, A = 90°, b = 90.302(5)°, g = 90°, Z = 4 and V = 3415.1(3) A°3. The crystal packing reveals different kinds of hydrogen bonds including, between acetonitrile and nitrogen atom of bpz ligands, oxygen atoms of perchlorate molecules, and hydrogen atom of bpz ligands and between hydrogen atom of acetonitrile and oxygen atom of perchlorate. Also, a Van Deer Waal interaction formed between the C-H of bpz with oxygen atom of ClO4. The adjacent sheets are interact through the π--π interaction. The in situ formed a new chelate [Cu(dipyam)(H2O)(pca)]ClO4 studied by X-ray and showed that Cu(II) atom has five coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-dipyridylamine, one nitrogen and one oxygen of 2-pyrazinecarboxylate (pca) ligand, one oxygen atom of coordinated water. The perchlorate molecule is a counter ion, A distorted square pyramid geometry around Cu(II) ion. The crystal is triclinic, with space group P-1 and the unit cell dimensions are a = 7.8943 (10), b = 9.9511 (14), c = 13.412 (2) A°, α = 98.908 (9), β = 106.079(8)°, γ = 112.715 (7)°, Z = 2 and V = 892.2 (2)A°3. The perchlorate anions bind the complex cations to produce a chain structure through O—H…O close contacts and C—H…O hydrogen bonds. The in situ forming of new ligand (pca) will encourage scientists to hypothesize a new methodology for C-C / C-N bond cleavage.The new divalent nickel chelate [Ni(dipyam)2(bpz)](ClO4)2, the X-ray structural analysis show that the Ni(II) atom is a hexacoordinated by two nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyrazine ligand, and four nitrogen atoms of two 2,2'-dipyridylamine ligands. The two perchlorate ion is a counter ion. The geometry of the compound is a distorted octahedral because of existing the three chelate rings binds with Ni(II) metal, including two (dipyam), one 2,2'-bipyrazine ligands, each 2,2'-dipyridylamine located at equatorial plane and at axial position, and 2,2'-bipyrazine ligands located at equatorial positions. The crystal structure is monoclinic, with space group C2/c the unit cell dimensions are a = 16.919 (3), b = 11.2635 (18), c = 17.588 (4)A°, β = 113.037 (4)°, Z = 4 and V= 3084.4 (10)A°3.The perchlorate anions link the complex cations to form a chain structure through N—H…O close contacts and C—H…O hydrogen bonds, beside to 2,2'-bipyrazine ligand binds through C—H•••N. The π•••π and/or C-H•••π interactions that established by aromatic rings of pyridyl and pyrazinyl groups from adjacent sheet.The new [Cu(bpz)2(H2O)](NO3)2 complex investigated by X-ray analysis to find that Cu(II) atom is five coordinated with four nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyrazine ligands, and with one oxygen atom of the water molecule. The two nitrate molecules as counter ion. A distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry around copper Cu(II) atom. The crystal is Monoclinic, with space group C2/c and the unit cell dimensions a = 15.886 (6), b = 7.208 (4), c = 18.016 (7)A°,β = 107.07 (4), Z = 4 and V = 1972.2 (17)A°3.The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen bond that formed according to nitrate anions which is acting as bridges to bond with the cations of the complex via O—H…N and O—H…O hydrogen bonds and C—H…O closed contacts. These complexes may be able to play role in different fields either chemical, biological or electrical studies due to their ligands have expanded using in multi applications, for example, using in development of selective catalysis, preparation of supramolecular compounds, designing of pharmaceutical molecules that used in drug discovery studies, beside to their utilizing in electro-optic materials, semiconductor materials and magnetic materials.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Signal Quantification of Intravenous Contrast Media Enhancement From Biphase Liver CT Scan Procedures
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-07-22) Rawa Khaled Abed Almajeed Alqam; رواء خالد عبدالمجيد علقم
    Computed Tomography (CT) is a diagnostic imaging technique that produces comprehensive images of skeletons, arteries, veins, tissues of the body, and organs inside the body. This imaging program MSc thesis concentrated on contrast agent (CA) assessed to the region of interest (ROI) in CT image. It was compared with automated bolus monitoring with a fixed time delay technique of contrast enhancement in multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) during abdominal and pelvic CT treatments using an intravenous (IV) CA. During this investigation, all variables impacting contrast enhancement were collected, including patient characteristics such as body weight, cardiac output, and contrast injection settings. The sample for this study was split into two groups: 100 retrospective and 43 prospective patients. Hounsfield Unit was measured before administering the CA, and it was also measured 30 seconds and 70 seconds after administering the CA in the first group. This group contained 50 patients from a government hospital and another 50 patients from an Non-Governmental hospital. The second group collected patient information, which included the patient's age, weight, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and Creatinine level. HU values were measured before and after the CA was administered at a time estimated by the radiographic technologist based on the HU values reaching 120. The HU values in both groups were analyzed to determine the differences between both HU measurements and to develop an equation for predicting imaging time when employing the automated bolus monitoring technique. The study's findings revealed that there is no difference in age between males and females in all sample patients, and the predictors of the Bolus Time Equation dealt with patient weight, heart rate, Creatinine level, and systolic blood pressure, where the percentage of dependence on these variables was up to 34.9%, and the effect of each variable in the equation had a value of up to 59.1%. The ANOVA test demonstrated that this equation can be relied upon, as the result was p = 0.002. When the equation was used, the findings revealed no discrepancies between the Bolus Time value gathered in the study and the Bolus Time utilizing the equation, with a p-value of (0.992 > 0.05). The HU rate differed significantly between the first group and the second group, where the p-value was 0.00. The research indicated that using bolus monitoring resulted in a wide range of enhancements compared to when fixed-time was used, and the bolus tracking produced better improvement results than fixed-time
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    A Retrospective Study to Measure the Justification for CT Scans of the Abdomen and pelvis in Palestinian Public Hospitals
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-11-22) Ashraf Mohammad Harb Najajrah; أشرف محمد حرب نجاجره
    Computed axial tomography it is a noninvasive diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of computer technologies and X-ray radiation to produce axial images (often called slices) of the organs of human body. CT scan is a powerful device and highly flexible diagnostic tool enable of making radical changes to the patient clinical management. The most appropriate use of CT scan depends on a lot of factors which must be considered every time a CT scan is justified. CT scan as a diagnostic modality, it delivers higher radiation doses compared to other imaging modalities, if the patient effective dose increase the risk of cancer increase. The researcher aims from this retrospective study to determine whether the abdomen and pelvis CT scan examination in the Palestinian public hospitals were justified or not. In this retrospective study, the sample size 892 referrals were included,458 female and 434 male from seven public hospitals in Palestine. Three radiologists participated in this study. Two of them separately participated to judge if the examination justified or unjustified according to five groups criteria’s of justification, and the role of third participated radiologist only to reach the consensus if there are any discrepancies between the main two separate radiologists. Chi square test, excel software and SPSS used for any analysis. There is significant difference between justified and unjustified CT examinations in public hospitals in Palestine with p value 0.00. 58.6% of the referrals were unjustified. Also, there is significant difference in the number of justified and unjustified between with contrast and without contrast with p value 0.02. Otherwise, the rest of parameters showed no significant difference. In conclusion, our present study showed high number of unjustified examinations in the Palestinian public hospitals. And the number of pediatric patients (8%) in acceptable range in compared to the number of adults patients (92%) included in the study. There is significant difference in the number of justified and unjustified between CT examinations with contrast and without contrast with p value 0.02. It’s important to introduce Palestinian indications or guidelines for CT scans attach it to the HIS. As well as increase the awareness of patient’s and his/ hers family about the radiation risks on the other hand, introduce continuous training and learning about the CT justification and risks for medical team especially physicians who responsible for referring patients to CT scan.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Effect of magnetic field strength and sequence type on susceptibility artefacts: a comparative study utilizing low and high field strength magnetic resonance imaging scanners
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-12-11) Alaa Mahmoud Ali Qalalweh; علاء محمود علي قلالوة
    Many patients need to implant metal screws in several areas in their bodies as treatment procedures, and these metal implants cause an artefact around them in the magnetic resonance image, so the area around the metal implants can't be better evaluated, and this artefact increases whenever the magnetic field increased, for example, using the device with the magnetic field 1.5 T causes a greater susceptibility artefact than using a device with 0.4 T magnetic field. This type of artefact leads to repeat the MR image again using low field MR devices, this will increase the costs of diagnosis, increase the patient's exhaustion to obtain sufficient diagnosis, in addition to consuming more time to complete the diagnosis process. in this study, the measurements of the artefact around the titanium screws in low and high MR field was compared with the measurements of the screws in X-ray images. in addition to other sample was taken from calf spine that purchased from meat store that have been implanted with other 3 titanium screws, then underwent low and high field MR imaging in 3 repeats to get more accurate measurements, this artefact measurement around the screws in the calf spine was compared with the diameter of the same screws measurements on X-ray images. The result of this study was clarify that the use of low field MR device is better than the high field in case of presence of titanium screws in vertebral body, in addition to use titanium rather than other metallic materials that produce high susceptibility artefact in MR image, and this will be shown in the charts in this study. الكثير من المرضى يضطرون الى زرع براغي معدنية في عدة مناطق في اجسامهم كإجراءات علاجية، وهذه الزرعات المعدنية تسبب حولها تشويشا في صورة الرنين المغناطيسي، فتصبح المنطقة التي تحيط بالزرعات المعدنية غير قابلة للتشخيص، ويزيد هذا الخلل كلما ارتفع المجال المغناطيسي المستخدم، فمثلا استخدام الجهاز ذو قوة المجال المغناطيسي 1.5 تسلا يتسبب في خلل أكبر من استخدام جهاز بقوة 0.4 تسلا، هذا الخلل الناتج في الصورة يتسبب أحيانا بإعادة تصوير المريض على الجهاز منخفض المجال، ويزيد من تكاليف التشخيص، بالإضافة الى انه يزيد من معاناة المريض للحصول على تشخيص كاف، بالإضافة الى استهلاك المزيد من الوقت لإكمال عملية التشخيص. في هذه الدراسة يتم قياس الخلل الذي تسببه براغي التيتانيوم حولها عند التصوير باستخدام جهاز الرنين المغناطيسي منخفض المجال والجهاز عالي المجال، هذه القياسات تؤخذ لنفس البراغي بعد تصويرها في كلا المجالين، ثم يتم قياسها بالمليميتر، ومقارنتها مع القياسات لنفس البراغي على صور الاشعة السينية. بالإضافة الى غرس 3 براغي في عمود فقري لعجل تم شرائه من متاجر اللحوم، هذه البراغي جميعا تم تصويرها باستخدام المجالين أيضا، وتم إعادة تصوير هذه البراغي 3 مرات لزيادة دقة النتائج، وتم عمل القياسات لجميع هذه البراغي ومقارنة نتائجها بعضها مع بعض، ومقارنتها مع القياسات التي كتبت على البراغي بواسطة الشركة المصنعة. تبين في هذه الدراسة ان الخلل الناتج في صور الرنين المغناطيسي باستخدام الجهاز ذو المجال المرتفع أكبر بكثير من الخلل الناتج من استخدام الجهاز ذو المجال المنخفض، بالإضافة الى ان استخدام مواد مثل التيتانيوم التي تعتبر اقل تأثيرا في قابلية التمغنط يقلل من التشوه الموجود في صورة الرنين، وتبين المنحنيات في فصل نتائج الدراسة هذه الفروقات بشكل مفصل.