Renewable Energy & Sustainability

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    Assessment of Transboundary Sludge Pollution and Its Conversion into Energy Case Study: Nablus West Wastewater Treatment Plant
    (Al-Quds University, 2024-05-15) Eman Omar Morshed Mansour; ايمان عمر مرشد منصور
    This thesis explores the potential of converting sludge into energy to address transboundary sludge pollution in the West Bank region, with Nablus West WWTP's adoption as a case study. It investigates the effectiveness of this approach in mitigating environmental pollution and promoting sustainability. Specifically, the study examines the impact of sludge-to-energy conversion on treatment costs per cubic meter of wastewater and evaluates the energy output per unit of sludge generated. Through comprehensive analysis, including cost-benefit evaluation and environmental impact assessment, the research offers valuable insights into the viability and benefits of this renewable energy solution. The findings underscore the significant energy generation potential from both local wastewater treatment plants and the broader West Bank population's sludge production. Through investment in sludge-to-energy conversion, these resources can be utilized to address the energy problem in Palestine while mitigating environmental and financial burdens linked with transboundary pollution. By promoting sustainable waste management practices and the utilization of renewable energy, the research contributes to advancing environmental sustainability and addressing transboundary environmental challenges, ultimately benefiting all stakeholders. The data from the sludge treatment operations at the Nablus West WWTP and the projected figures for the entire West Bank population underscore the substantial energy production and cost savings potential inherent in sludge-to-energy conversion. At the Nablus West WWTP alone, with a sludge production rate of 6,600 kg/day, methane production of 1,320 m³/day, and energy production of 3,938.32 kWh/day. Extrapolating these figures to the entire West Bank population, where the sludge production rate reaches 14,400,000 kg/day, methane production hits 2,880,000 m³/day, and energy production reaches 8,588,761.60 kWh/day. This comparison highlights the scalability and efficiency of sludge-to-energy conversion, with substantial benefits both at individual wastewater treatment plant levels and on a broader scale across the entire population. The study highlights the substantial benefits of sludge-to-energy conversion for addressing environmental pollution and advancing sustainable development in regions affected by transboundary sludge pollution. Comprehensive analysis reveals reduced greenhouse gas emissions, significant cost savings in wastewater treatment operations, and increased energy production efficiency. These findings support the widespread adoption of sludge-to-energy conversion technologies in wastewater treatment facilities to enhance environmental sustainability and economic efficiency.
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    " Assessment of using wind power to charge electric vehicles batteries
    (Al-Quds University, 2022-10-22) Osama Farid A.W Eghrayeb; اسامة فريد اغريب
    أصبح التقدم التكنولوجي مثيرًا للإعجاب، حيث يفكر الجميع في وسائل البقاء على هذا الكوكب ويأخذ زمام المبادرة في حل المشكلات التي يتم توقعها مسبقًا من خلال علوم التكنولوجيا الحديثة. واحدة من المشاكل الكبرى التي من المتوقع حدوثها هي نفاد الوقود الأحفوري المستخدم لتوليد الطاقة الكهربائية خلال السنوات القليلة المقبلة، لذلك كانت جميع الدول المتقدمة قد أخذت زمام المبادرة لتطوير أنظمة جديدة يمكن أن تزود العالم بالكهرباء. ومن أبرز هذه المصادر المكتشفة الخلايا الشمسية والتوربينات، حيث تعتبر هذه المصادر من أفضل المصادر المكتشفة حتى الآن والمستخدمة في توليد الطاقة في جميع دول العالم. يعتبر قطاع النقل من أهم الركائز في حركته، حيث يعتمد على الديزل والبنزين المستخرج من الوقود الأحفوري الذي على وشك النفاد. لذلك فكر المهتمون بقطاع النقل باستغلال مصادر الطاقة البديلة لتشغيل المركبات على الطاقة المستخرجة منها، حيث تم تطبيق هذه الأنظمة وتركيبها على المركبات وكان أداؤها جيداً. حتى توصلوا في أحدث إصداراتهم إلى أن تعمل المركبات بالكامل أعلى الكهرباء عن طريق تخزينها في بطاريات دون الحاجة إلى محركات احتراق داخلي التي تعتمد بشكل كامل على الوقود. في هذا العمل، نوضح كيف يمكن الاستفادة من طاقة الرياح عن طريق دراسة إمكانية تركيب ٤ توربينات لتوليد الطاقة من الرياح وتزويدها ببطارية مركبة كهربائية مع مراعاة الموقع المناسب لها بحيث لا تعمل على اضافة اي قوى تعيق سير المركبة. القوة المحسوبة التي تحتاج إلى شحن بطارية المركبات باعتماد سرعة رياح 15 م / ث كانت 0.138 كيلوواط، ولكن عندما تزيد السرعة عن 23 م / ث، ستكون الطاقة المولدة أكثر من 1 كيلوواط. عندما تعمل التوربينات معًا، فإن الكهرباء المولدة التي سيتم تخزينها في البطارية ستكون كافية للوصول الى نقطة التعادل بين معدل التفريغ ومعدل الشحن (92.6 كم، 58 كيلوواط ساعة) وبعدها تبدأ بالشحن الإيجابي (النقطة التي بعدها تكون كمية الكهرباء المولدة أكبر من الكمية المستهلكة).
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    Controlling of Multi-Level Inverter Under Shading Conditions Using Artificial Neural Network.
    (Al-Quds University, 2019-12-30) Abdulsami.Abed elftaha.A.Qawasmi; عبدالسميع عبدالفتاح القواسمة
    In real life the PV sources can't supply multilevel inverters with equal and constant dc voltage. The variation of irradiation affects the output voltage of PV's which in turn vary the switching angles required to fire MLI to achieve minimum contents of output voltage profile , so the harmonic elimination’s equations must be solved for each set of input DC voltages. This research present how can we use genetic algorithm (GA) to solve harmonic elimination of eleven level inverters with equal and non-equal dc sources , then artificial neural network (ANN) is used to fire MLI with suitable angles for any set of input Dc sources . The partial shading of PV modules from clouds, obstacles are responsible for unequal Dc supply for multilevel inverter. A set of mathematical equations representing the general output waveform of the multilevel inverter with non-equal dc sources is formulated using Fourier series, then GA is used to solve the none linear equations to get the optimal set of switching angles which minimize the total harmonic distortion (THD) of eleven level inverter to acceptable limit, after that ANN is trained to generate these angles in any case of dc voltage variation in short time including constant dc sources when no shading FFT analyses are carried out for output voltage profile to prove that this technique is reliable for MLI; the proposed technique is validated through simulation by matlab Simulink Ra2013. GA and ANN technique achieve minimum THD for both equal and unequal DC sources, and can be applied for any kind of level inverter. According to our calculations to find THD for equal Dc sources we obtain 9.38%, and for variable Dc sources we obtained 10.26% THD when input Dc varied 4.47 volts, and 12.93% when input Dc varied 11.43 volts.
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    Development of a ptototyp of a sustainable magnetocaloric cooling device
    (Al-Quds University, 2022-03-26) Fatima Muhammed Husain Al-Battat; فاطمة محمد حسين البطاط
    Magnetic Refrigeration (MR) is a new cooling technology using a solid refrigerant instead of a gaseous refrigerant used in conventional cooling technics. The solid refrigerant is magnetocaloric material (MCM), its temperature increases when exposed to an external magnetic field causing magnetization of MCM, and the demagnetization happens to MCM by removing the external magnetic field which decreases the temperature of MCM. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is the phenomenon that describes the change of temperature of an MCM which is considered the basis of magnetocaloric refrigeration technologies. Compared to the conventional vapor compression cycle, the magnetocaloric cooling cycle is more energy-efficient and more environmentally friendly because it does not make use of greenhouse gases. In this thesis, we develop a prototype of a sustainable magnetocaloric cooling device. A suitable design for the prototype was chosen and performed using the Autodesk inventor professional 2021 3D design program. The components of our magnetic refrigeration device were selected and divided into four sub-systems: Magnetic Field Generator (MFG) consisting of the magnet and its mechanism, Active Magnetic Regenerator (AMR) containing the Magneto-Caloric Material, Fluid flow/heat transfer system, and the Control system. An initial magnetic field generator was selected, which consists of two concentric 90 mm long Halbach cylinders, made of 16 permanent magnet segments, which were integrated with a support structure in optimized orientation, the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner one rotates with respect to the outer one producing two areas of maximum (1.3 T) and minimum (0.0002 T) magnet flux densities used to magnetize and demagnetizing the MCM to produce the cooling cycle. The greatest effort expended in this master's thesis was to design an MFG at a low price. Various designs of the MFG were implemented on Autodesk inventor and simulated on Faraday simulation software. We decrease the number of segments to half (8 segments) and replaced the other 8 with soft magnetic low-carbon steel. The simulation results showed that the new design can generate a 0.8 T magnetic field, and thus the price of the magnet was halved, but its price remained very expensive we were limited by budget money.Magnetic Arrangement for Novel Discrete Halbach Layout (Mandhalas)consisting of the final MFG. The final Mandhalas MFG produced a magnetic field of 0.82 T at the center of the magnet fined by simulation results and 0.6 T calculated by equations. The support structure for the magnet circuit was designed with the program Autodesk inventor and the components were subsequently manufactured at the JCNS2 workshop. The housing was designed for the final mandhala magnet by the Autodesk Inverter program, then these designs were printed at the JCNS2 Institute, and the strong magnets were purchased and arranged in a certain way according to the simulation results.The Mandhala produced a magnetic field of 0.6 T at the center of the magnet measured by the axial Hall probe and transverse flowmeter.The magnet design was improved and developed, as we were able to reduce the price of the magnet by 90%, while the decrease in the magnetic field of the magnet circuit was 36%.The AMR was selected by choosing the type and the geometry of the MCM used to place into the inner magnet cylinder. We used Calorivac material from Vacuum schmelze company. A mixture of 80% water and 20% ethylene glycol is used as heat transfer fluid.The control system was planned and relies on individual components which are easily accessible and are already available. The fluid flow/heat transfer system was also designed and the components were ordered.
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    Electrical Characteristics and Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells with (P3HT: ICBA) Active Layer at Ambient
    (AL-Quds University, 2019-05-01) نادر احمد خليل عدوي; nader ahmad khalil adawi; عبدالكريم داود; Jamal Ghabboun; Husain Al-Samamra; Ishaq Musa
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    Enhancing Energy Efficiency in The Electrical Processes and Systems of Industrial Facilities: A Case Study for The Petra Glass and Mirror Company in Jericho – Palestine
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-12-04) Tuqa Issa Ismail Abufarah; تقى عيسى اسماعيل ابو فاره
    The need to increase the energy efficiency of manufacturing processes has gained attention due to growing energy prices and more onerous regulations. Governments and corporations from numerous nations are working hard to create technologies for managing energy and creating new energy sources. This research illustrates an integrated design for the Petra Factory in Jericho Industrial City Energy Efficiency Management system (EEM). The goal of this strategy is to reduce energy consumption and thus discount the electricity bill and reduce the percentage of greenhouse gases) GHGs). The photovoltaic system (PV) was expanded, the power factor (PF) was optimized, electrical systems were simulated using the Industrial Internet of Things (IoT), and heavy machinery was scheduled to operate to avoid peak demand. This study demonstrated that there is a clear possibility of achieving the goal. The RET-Screen program was able to determine the optimal economic and environmental feasibility of the PV system expansion strategy. The PV system is expected to generate 426 MWh of electricity per year. The other metric was the 337 ton/year Carbone dioxide (CO2) decline. Along with decline the factory amount of electricity utilized, increasing the PF from 0.87 to 0.95 yielded, this means saving 18,712.5 kWh/year of electricity consumption. The strategy of replacing old electrical systems with more energy-efficient electrical systems reduced the amount of energy utilized by 140746KWh/year significantly, the adoption of the IoT will clearly have an influence on the electricity bill. The factory will save money on electricity costs by timing the hours that the production lines are work. It is possible to avoid using combustion machines during the peak demand period
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    “Islanding Detection Approach for Grid-Connected PV Inverter Using ANN Based DWT Technique”
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-01-19) Haret Ibraheem Shalalda; حارث إبراهيم شلالدة
    Islanding in electric power distribution system is a phenomena causedto the distribution generation whenthe main grid shuts down, or unintentionally because ofgrid blackouts, resulting in separated distribution generation working alone besides its local load. Due to safety and stability reasons, islanding should be early detected in order to disconnect the distribution generation. Various types of islanding detection techniques have been applied and tested by researchers, like passive, active, and remote communication methods, all aimed mainly to minimize the non-detection zone at low power flow mismatch at the point of the common coupling. This studyintroduces islanding detection model for PV distribution generation inverter connected at the point of common coupling to real utility grid.The proposed islanding detectionapproach combines between the discrete wavelet transform technique, and the artificial neural networks(ANN). A section of Hebron electric distribution grid that supplies the PPU campus has been tested at the point of common coupling with a standard model of PV inverter. The proposed islanding detection method can continuously test the variations of grid parameters, mainlythe voltage signals at the PCC was recorded during islanding and non-islanding events,then producedthe discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in the form of energy content for each sample. The features function of detail coefficients was fed to ANN network in order to train it as pattern classifier to discriminate between islanding and non-islanding states. Tested cases in this real grid-inverter connected power system showed high relative accuracywith averageexceeded 94%, especially when events occur during low power flow between the main grid and the local load at the point of common coupling.The results achieved IEEE requirements for islanding regarding detection time period, and didn’t affect the power quality of the system. الاستجزارIslanding هي ظاهرة تحدث عند انقطاع التيارعن نقاط الربط المتصلة بالعاكس في محطات التوليد والتوزيع الإضافية المتصلة بالشبكة الكهربائية، بحيث تبقى المحطة الفرعية في حالة عمل مستقلة وحدها تغذي الحمل المحلي. تؤدي هذه الظاهرة إلى الكثير من المحاذير والأخطار عند بقاء نظام الطاقة الإضافي في حالة عمل، حيث تؤثر على استقرار النظام، وأمان الشبكة والعاملين، لذلك يلزم إطفاء ذلك العاكس مُبكرا عند انقطاع شبكة الكهرباء الرئيسية. لقد طُبّقت نُظم كشف متعددة عن حالة الاستجزار، منها الطرق الخاملة والطرق الفعالة، وتقنيات الاتصالات للكشف عن بعد. كانت تهدف جميعا إلى تقليل منطقة عدم الكشف في حالة الشبكة NDZ، والتي يتسبب فيها صغر قيمة تدفق الطاقة بين الشبكة الرئيسية والحمل المحلي. وأظهرت تلك الطرق نتائج متفاوتة في دقة الكشف والمدة الزمنية. النظام المعتمد للدراسة والمحاكاة هو الخط المغذي لمبنى جامعة بوليتكنك فلسطين من شركة كهرباء الخليل، حيث يُقدم هذا البحث طريقة كشف عن الانقطاع يمكن اعتمادها في العاكس المحلي الموصول بمحطة طاقة فوتوفولتية. تتمثل الطريقة المقترحة بمُحاكاة حالات انقطاع الشبكة (الاستجزار) وحالات تغيرات طبيعية وتشويشات مؤقتة مثل أخطاء القصر الكهربائي بين الخطوط بأنواعها، وعمليات فصل ووصل الأحمال والمكثفات. تقوم هذه الطريقة على تسجيل إشارات الجهد، ثم إنتاج مُعاملات هذه الإشارت عن طريق محولة المويجات المتقطعةDWT، واختبارها داخل شبكة عصبونية صناعيةANN بقصد تدريبها للتمييز بين حالات الانقطاع والحالات الأخرى. نتجَ عن المحاكاة في هذا النظام العملي دقة عالية نسبيا في مختلف الأحداث التي تم تدريب الشبكة العصبونية عليها، خصوصا ً في حالات تدفق الطاقة المنخفض بين الشبكة والحمل. وقد تجاوز معدل دقة التمييز في السيناريوهات المدروسة نسبة 94%. بالإضافة إلى أن هذه الطريقة في الكشف لم تؤثر على جودة القدرة، كما أنها حققت متطلبات مؤسسة IEEE بحيث كانت فترة الكشف أقل بكثير من الفترة الزمنية المسموحة في الأنظمة المعمول بها في هذا المجال.
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    On Grid photovoltaic System in Palestine: A Case Study of techno- economic impact for Dar Salah School
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-04-29) Bassam Odeh Salameh Saleem; بسام عوده سلامه سليم
    The increase in electric energy consumption and the immediate need for electricity in Palestine leads us to strengthen and develop the electric power system. In this work, the photovoltaic system at Dar Salah School for Boys was studied, which was installed on 1/1/2020. My work focused on the installation, features, determination of system performance and output, and analysis of economic feasibility and efficiency of this system using Ret screen & PV System. Upon completion of the system performance evaluation study, it was found that the system outputs are lower than the expected for technical reasons and external factors that were not taken into account when installing the system. These problems facing the system were identified and the ways to address them were put forward to maintain the expected system productivity. The system represents a good investment case for the Ministry of Education because it almost covers the school's energy needs according to the percentage agreed upon with the company and the price per kilowatt .hour with the Electricity Company. It represents a good investment case for many companies to exploit renewable energy sources if there are encouraging government laws and regulations.
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    Real Time Power Quality Monitoring Using Discrete Wavelet Transform
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-01-26) Mohammed Hekmat AlWawi; محمد حكمت الواوي
    The revolution of renewable energy resources (RES) lead to a significant increase in using power electronics devices which have increased the power quality (PQ) issues. Poor PQ causes several problems such as; misoperation of the equipment, loss of important data, protection devices misoperation, and overheating. The mitigation of PQ disturbances can be easily done only if these disturbances are well detected and classified. Traditional detection techniques have some shortages in case of power system signals which are non-stationary and have transients. Unlike Fourier transform (FT) a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) multi-resolution analysis (MRA) is used to deal with the PQ disturbances in order to accurately detect, localize, and classify these events. In this research, an attempt will be made to design a real time system for monitoring the PQ, to detect and classify PQ disturbances using DWT; specifically voltage sag, swell, and interruption. The proposed system has been simulated and built using National Instruments compact RIO controller (NI-cRIO 9063) and the monitoring has been done using laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench (LabVIEW). Utilizing the high speed acquisition of the cRIO based system using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and real time, results in a significant accuracy in detection and classification of the PQ events in terms of magnitude and time (Sag/ Undervoltage, Swell/ Overvoltage, and Interruption/ Sustained Interruption). Connecting the proposed system with the grid shows very high speed and accuracy in grid monitoring.
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    reneable energy laws and policies in Palestine
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-11-21) Ali Mustaffa Mohammed Arouri; علي مصطفى محمد عروري
    The energy issue is an important indicator of the progress and independence of nations, as the world lives these days in a race for energy productivity. For years, the world has turned to renewable energy, as governments have contributed significantly to stimulating investment in renewable energy. Many countries have enacted laws that have brought in large investments in this area and have worked to raise their productivity in alternative energy. We here in Palestine suffer from the control and control of the (Israeli) side of the energy, so that 87% of the electricity consumed in Palestine comes from the Israeli-Qataria company. Therefore, we had to turn to a kind of autonomy in producing energy so that we can get out of this control and this control. In this research, i reviewed the laws of certain countries in the field of renewable energy and also reviewed the volume of investments in this field they have and the extent of their influence on laws and regulations, especially in the case of the Kingdom of Jordan. On the other hand, we review the aspects and policies related to renewable energy in Palestine and the size of investment in the field of renewable energy to produce results that show the importance of laws and facilities in raising the productivity of alternative energy. I also reviewed in the end a set of recommendations that would contribute to looking at the matter well and drawing the attention of the competent authorities.
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    RF and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester by applying a Threshold Voltage Rectifier Cancellers
    (Al-Quds University, 2021-01-21) Hashem M. H. Abu Aram; هاشم محمد ابو عرام
    In this thesis study about the RF are shown and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester and focused on the problems of using rectifier circuit represented by: threshold voltage higher than input voltage, Reverse current from the storage damage the current rectifier, to improve the efficiency of the system, anew rectifier circuit that reduce the drop voltage were proposed, and protection the reverse current with hybrid energy harvesting from RF and piezoelectric to provide DC voltage and improve the system. The simulation results showed an increase efficiency of rectifier circuit to 41.7% compared to the efficiency reached by researchers previously and The voltage reaches stability in a brief period of time, which is estimated to be nanoseconds. Those two points were an obstacle in the path of researchers previously, those problems are solved, and then energy from many sources could collect to power any smart system.
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    Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar-Wind Energy Conversion System Utilizing Genetic Algorithm
    (Al-Quds University, 2019-08-20) Woroud A. O. Alnatsha; ورود عبد المنعم النتشه
    In recent years, the interest in using renewable energy sources has been growing globally since they are considered as a key solution to satisfy the world increasing demand for energy and for reducing the global carbon emission. Palestinians have previously started utilizing solar energy for heating water for domestic and industrial uses. Recently, a strong trend has been made to use solar energy to convert it into electrical energy using solar cells. In addition, the geographic and topographic configuration and the prevalence of dominant wind can be a good potential for small and medium wind energy conversion systems (Turbines). The objective of this study is to simulate and optimize the renewable energy system of Palestine Polytechnic University (PPU) campus that is located in the Hebron city which consists of 230 kW photovoltaic energy conversion, by adding wind energy conversion system and changing the current system to on-grid hybrid renewable energy system HRES. This study is based on a configuration of (HRES) by using a genetic algorithm (GA) which enables the identifications of the optimum size that meets the possible demand along with most feasible economical values and ensuring the highest system reliability. The simulation results clearly show that the HRES is a more economical configuration than single renewable energy systems which has a total net cost of (410,743 $) and a cost of energy (COE) of (0.043) $/kWh.
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    اتجاهات الشباب نحو الزواج في محافظة الخليل
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-07-29) عبير يوسف مطير السويطي; Abeer Yousef Emtair Al Sawty
    This study aims at investigating youths' attitudes toward marriage in Hebron Governorate in terms of age, gender, place of residency, academic qualification, religion commitment, work status, and monthly income. The study approached the literature as a multi-dimensional phenomenon, which addressed both theoretical and applied research. The significance of this recent study is the first, which dealt with this theme, to the author knowledge, which in turn comes as complement of available previous studies about marriage customs and traditions in the Palestinian society. To achieve this end, the study adopted the quantitative research approach using the sampling survey method. The questionnaire is appropriate for the exploratory nature of the research. A 54-item questionnaire was formulated which was divided into five sub-scales as follows: the general information of the participants (7 items); the second section dealt with the marriage motives (9 items), the third section included ways of choosing the partner (17 items), the fourth dealt with attitudes toward the partner (13 items), while the fifth included marriage happiness (9 items). The random stratified method was utilized which comprised of a sample size of (598) males and females youth at Hebron Governorate. The collected data was statistically analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The study results revealed that youths' attitudes toward marriage were moderate (M 3.34) with a percentage of (66.8%). Their attitudes were also of a moderate level in all of the study sub-scales that are, marriage happiness, way of choosing partner, marriage motives, and the attitudes toward the partner. The results also showed statistical differences in youths' attitudes toward marriage according to gender. The differences were in the sub-scales of marriage motives, ways of choosing the partner, and the attitudes toward the partner that favored the males. The study also revealed significant differences in youths' attitudes toward marriage in Hebron Governorate according to the work status that favored the working youth. In addition to the differences in the youth attitudes toward marriage according to the academic qualification that favored the youth with intermediate diploma. Also, the study findings indicated significant differences in the youth attitudes toward marriage according to religion commitment, that favored the deeply religious youth. However, no statistical significant differences were found in the rest of the study variables, that are, place of residency, and monthly income. In light of the findings and discussion, the study recommend, empowering females through self-understanding and building up their confidence, encourage the youth about the marriage issue and raising a family following the teachings of Islam, motivating youth for marriage and instilling positive attitudes toward it, and educating the parents about the importance of giving a margin for the youth in choosing their partner, in order to take the responsibility of their decisions and to preserve and sustain their marriage.