Pharmacy

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Antibacterial Activity of Plant Extract on Bacteria Species
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Abu Khalta, Alaa
Spices have been used for many centuries by various cultures to enhance the flavor and aroma of our foods. Our ancestors have also recognized the usage of spices in food preservation and in the treatment of clinical ailments. However, there are several reports on the development of antibiotic resistance in diverse bacterial pathogens (Gold, S.G. and Moellering, R.C.,1996). Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli resides in human intestines and can cause lower urinary tract infections, cholecystitis and septicemia (Benhassaini et al., 2003; Benjilali et al.,1986). Different antibiotics exercise their inhibitory activity on different pathogenic organisms (Chanda and Rakholiya, 2011). Multiple drug resistance in human pathogenic microorganisms has developed due to indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs that are commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases. The development of antibiotic resistance is multifactorial; this includes the specific nature of the relationship of bacteria to antibiotics, the usage of antibacterial agent, host characteristics, and environmental factors. This study has forced scientists to search for new antimicrobial chemotherapeutic substances from various sources. However, the cost of production of synthetic drugs is high and they produce adverse effects compared to plant derived drugs (Abiramasundari et al., 2011).
Community Pharmacists’ Level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Patient Counseling Among COPD Patients and the Use of Inhaler Devices
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Saeed, Noora; Awar, Asma; Halabieh, Amneh
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is part of a group of chronic inflammatory diseases that are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and also prove to be an economic burden. The prevalence of COPD is mostly related to smoking. Thus, smoking cessation is the most effective option in the prevention and treatment of the disease. Community pharmacists are the ones in charge of delivering the best services in terms of inhalation technique, counseling, and medication adherence. Counseling, which plays a main role in the management of COPD, is an essential prerequisite for achieving full therapeutic effect in patients. The purpose of this study is to research the extent of knowledge, attitude, and patient counseling exhibited by community pharmacists towards COPD patients and to understand the use of inhaler devices by evaluating the level of awareness pharmacists have about it. In February 2019, a questionnaire for assessment of knowledge of COPD was distributed among Palestinian pharmacists (n=300).
The Effect of Ephedra Foeminea Extract as an Antimicrobial and Antifungal Agent
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-09-10) Abu Jazar, Hanan Hamad; Alomar, Manar Zeyad; Almasri, Rania Mohammed; Hammad, Rawan Mohammed; Musallam, Tasneem Jehad; Ghraiz, Tasneem Khaled; Attalah, Akram; El-Shanti, Amjad; Mezher, Ismail
Drugs derived from natural sources play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In many developing countries, traditional medicine is an essential part of primary healthcare systems (Abdallah, 2011). Due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, it is essential to investigate new drugs with lesser resistance especially ones that can be derived from natural resources like plants. Ephedra is likely one of the oldest medicinal plants that are still currently in use. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of some ephedra species have been noticed in recent years (ZHANG Ben-Mei et al,2018). The aim of the study is to observe and understand the effects of E. foeminea extracts as antimicrobial and antifungal agents. It is an experimental study; four different types of bacteria including, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA, and Escherichia coli as well as two different types of fungi including, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were used as test microorganisms. Maceration extraction technique (William P. Jones,2012) for the dried stem of E. foeminea will be used by methanol / water 90/10 for 2 days (Ali Parsaeimehr et el,2010). Three concentrations of the extract will be used on 30 plates for each type of microorganism in the laboratories of the University of Palestine. Antimicrobial activity will be tested by using plate methods in which a variable diameter of a growth inhibition zone in most types of bacteria will appear. The MIC values may also be evaluated using the broth serial dilution method according to standard methods (CLSI, 2012).
The Effect of Ephedra Foeminea Extract as an Antimicrobial and Antifungal Agent
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Hammad, Rawan
Drugs derived from natural sources play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In many developing countries, traditional medicine is an essential part of primary healthcare systems (Abdallah, 2011). Due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, it is essential to investigate new drugs with lesser resistance especially ones that can be derived from natural resources like plants. Ephedra is likely one of the oldest medicinal plants that are still currently in use. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of some ephedra species have been noticed in recent years (ZHANG Ben-Mei et al,2018). The aim of the study is to observe and understand the effects of E. foeminea extracts as antimicrobial and antifungal agents. It is an experimental study; four different types of bacteria including, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA, and Escherichia coli as well as two different types of fungi including, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were used as test microorganisms. Maceration extraction technique (William P. Jones,2012) for the dried stem of E. foeminea will be used by methanol / water 90/10 for 2 days (Ali Parsaeimehr et el,2010). Three concentrations of the extract will be used on 30 plates for each type of microorganism in the laboratories of the University of Palestine. Antimicrobial activity will be tested by using plate methods in which a variable diameter of a growth inhibition zone in most types of bacteria will appear. The MIC values may also be evaluated using the broth serial dilution method according to standard methods (CLSI,2012).
The Effect of L- Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Dl-Alpha – Tocopherol Acetate (Vitamin E) and White Grape Seed Oil on Colorful Melanin Concentrations Using Synthetic Melanin
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-09-10) Abu Hanieh, Areej; Hassouneh, Sondos; Shtayah, Hani
Vitamin C is used as an antioxidant to treat UV-induced skin pigmentation disease. When combining it with Vitamin E, its antioxidant effect increases by 4 folds. Grape-seed-oil contains phenols like catechin which express a powerful antioxidant effect and a whitening effect. Combining the three agents together gives a synergistic effect that magnifies the decreasing colorful melanin concentrations. Objectives: To determine the effect of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and grape-seed-oil on melanin concentrations separately then determine the synergistic effect for three ingredients together. Synthetic melanin calibration’s curve was constructed using spectrophotometer; then Vitamin C, Vitamin E and grape-seed-oil were added to the melanoma cells. Cell viability was measured after 72 hours using hemocytometer, then different concentrations of the agents and its combinations were added to the synthetic melanin solutions in order to measure melanin concentrations using spectrophotometer. The combination of the three ingredients (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and grape-seed-oil) achieved an extremely statistically significant decreasing in melanin concentration. The combinations that contain grape-seed-oil showed higher effect on melanin concentration reduction than the combinations without grape-seed-oil; Vitamin C and Vitamin E separately did not show any significant reduction on melanin concentrations and grape-seed-oil showed a statistically significant effect on decreasing melanin concentrations. The combinations of the three ingredients together (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and grape-seed-oil) achieved the lowest p-value (Extremely statistical significant) and the lowest melanin concentration, while Grape-seed-oil was the only ingredient that achieved statistically significant decrease in melanin concentrations.
The Effect of L- Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Dl-Alpha – Tocopherol Acetate (Vitamin E) and White Grape Seed Oil on Colorful Melanin Concentrations Using Synthetic Melanin
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Abu Hanieh, Areej; Hasouneh, Sundos
Vitamin C is used as an antioxidant to treat UV-induced skin pigmentation disease. When combining it with Vitamin E, its antioxidant effect increases by 4 folds. Grape-seed-oil contains phenols like catechin which express a powerful antioxidant effect and a whitening effect. Combining the three agents together gives a synergistic effect that magnifies the decreasing colorful melanin concentrations. Objectives: To determine the effect of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and grape-seed-oil on melanin concentrations separately then determine the synergistic effect for three ingredients together. Synthetic melanin calibration’s curve was constructed using spectrophotometer; then Vitamin C, Vitamin E and grape-seed-oil were added to the melanoma cells. Cell viability was measured after 72 hours using hemocytometer, then different concentrations of the agents and its combinations were added to the synthetic melanin solutions in order to measure melanin concentrations using spectrophotometer. The combination of the three ingredients (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and grape-seed-oil) achieved an extremely statistically significant decreasing in melanin concentration. The combinations that contain grape-seed-oil showed higher effect on melanin concentration reduction than the combinations without grape-seed-oil; Vitamin C and Vitamin E separately did not show any significant reduction on melanin concentrations and grape-seed-oil showed a statistically significant effect on decreasing melanin concentrations. The combinations of the three ingredients together (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and grape-seed-oil) achieved the lowest p-value (Extremely statistical significant) and the lowest melanin concentration, while Grape-seed-oil was the only ingredient that achieved statistically significant decrease in melanin concentrations.
Evaluation and Challenges of Polypharmacy in Palestinian Clinical of Chronic Disease
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Jawabreh, Sara; Al Assa, Sema
Polypharmacy is defined as the concurrent use of multiple medications including prescription and over-the-counter drugs. This can result in potential inappropriate drug use and increase the risk of drug-drug interactions. In Palestine, the elderly population is estimated to be 2.9% of the general population and is known to have high prevalence of chronic diseases and thus the high prevalence of polypharmacy. This cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate polypharmacy among geriatrics in East Jerusalem; 100 patients aged 60 or older (59% male and 41% female) were interviewed in the chronic disease clinic in the Jerusalem Health Directorate and all their prescriptions examined. Also, their doctors were interviewed. The interviews covered factors that may affect the possibility of polypharmacy including diseases and demographic factors such as age; educational level. Results show that 57% of patients were from (60 -69) age group, 52% were married and 21% illiterate; 44% smokers and 97% were coffee drinkers. Prevalence of polypharmacy were 100% (more than 3 drugs); 22% had excessive polypharmacy (more than 10 drugs); 26% of the patients had their last visit since more than 3 months. Most importantly, 73% of the patients feel difficult in taking their medicines and polypharmacy also makes 81% of them forget talking their medicines on time. Morbidity of different disease of the study population was studied and all their drugs were discussed with their doctors; results show 27% of the patients took their lowest effective dose. Several statistical relationships were examined; some prove the relationship between polypharmacy as a real cause of patients suffering and difficulties that prevent them to adhere on their medical schedule on time. This study emphasizes the need for a better control on polypharmacy among elderly and the importance to develop care strategies to resolve problems and difficulties patients suffer.
Public Views on the Role of Pharmacists in Smoking Cessation
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Al Sharabate, Yumna
Smoking cessation is the key to reducing death cases resulting from health complications caused by smoking. Trying to discontinue smoking without external assistance, regardless of the smoking cessation method used, is proving to be difficult. Because of this, smokers often seek consultation from a health care provider to successfully quit smoking. Pharmacists can play a pivotal role in providing counseling services to smokers, enabling them to successfully quit. Accordingly, a study was carried out to assess the public view of the role of a pharmacist in smoking cessation in Palestine. The survey was constructed using Google Drive and was distributed to the public between December 2018 and February 2019 using social media (electronically) and printed forms (manually). The survey consisted of 26 questions divided into three sections namely demographics, public counseling preferences, and perceptions. Data were analyzed using a statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) in version 17. A total of 136 completed questionnaires were collected. Preliminary findings demonstrated that 14.7% of the respondents selected pharmacists as a choice for support in smoking cessation. However, only 16.2% of them selected pharmacists for general counseling and 35.3% selected pharmacists only if they seek pharmacological intervention. Public perception showed that 50% of respondents agreed that pharmacists are an integral part of the healthcare system like physicians. They trusted the pharmacist for the information about smoking cessation and felt that pharmacists were qualified health professionals that are able to provide assistance in smoking cessation. The public showed little interest in seeking smoking cessation counseling by pharmacists. This may be due to the fact that most Palestinian pharmacists have no pharmacological treatments that can help smokers to quit smoking. Increasing the effectiveness of the role of pharmacists in smoking cessation requires extra efforts from health policy makers and pharmacists.
Relationship between Diabetes Type-II and Calcium Ions Concentration in Saliva in Gaza Strip: Retrospective Cohort Study
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Lubbad, Mohammad
Saliva contains an amount of calcium concentration; when increased it can play a role in plaque formation on the teeth and can cause the periodontitis disease. Therefore, most diabetic patients show loss of their teeth. In this study, the aim is to investigate the relationship between diabetic disease type-2 and calcium concentration in saliva among diabetic patients in the Gaza strip. A retrospective cohort study will be designed to measure the calcium concentration in the saliva of a random sample of uncontrolled diabetic patients (n=150) and controlled diabetic patients (n=150). The HA1C level in blood will be reviewed in the records of diabetic patients in the diabetic clinic in ten primary health care centers that belonged to the Ministry of Health of Palestinian Authority in Gaza strip governorates in order to follow up and classify conditions of the patients as controlled and uncontrolled. In addition, HA1C in blood and Ca++ level in 2ml saliva will be examined during the conduction of the study for each sample unit (either controlled or uncontrolled patients) in the health laboratory of University of Palestine. The saliva for examination will be collected without any stimulation of salivary gland at 9 a.m. and 12 p.m. after rinsing the mouth with water and allowing 2- 5 minutes for accumulation of saliva. Also, the patient’s periodontal conditions will be evaluated to examine the relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis according to Ca++ level in saliva. The collected data will be by a prepared questionnaire about the socio-demographic, health status, and lifestyle of patients; it will be entered, cleaned and analyzed by using different significant tests at level of significance α=0.05 such as t- test, correlation and regression test by SPSS program.
Relationship between Diabetes Type-II and Calcium Ions Concentration in Saliva in Gaza Strip: Retrospective Cohort Study
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-09-10) Lubbad, Mohammed; Shamali, Mahmoud; Skaik, Mahmoud; Alkhundakji, Nouraldin; Ayash, Moataz; Awadallah, Abdelrahman; Alshanti, Amjad
Saliva contains an amount of calcium concentration; when increased it can play a role in plaque formation on the teeth and can cause the periodontitis disease. Therefore, most diabetic patients show loss of their teeth. In this study, the aim is to investigate the relationship between diabetic disease type-2 and calcium concentration in saliva among diabetic patients in the Gaza strip. A retrospective cohort study will be designed to measure the calcium concentration in the saliva of a random sample of uncontrolled diabetic patients (n=150) and controlled diabetic patients (n=150). The HA1C level in blood will be reviewed in the records of diabetic patients in the diabetic clinic in ten primary health care centers that belonged to the Ministry of Health of Palestinian Authority in Gaza strip governorates in order to follow up and classify conditions of the patients as controlled and uncontrolled. In addition, HA1C in blood and Ca++ level in 2ml saliva will be examined during the conduction of the study for each sample unit (either controlled or uncontrolled patients) in the health laboratory of University of Palestine.
Smoking Cessation Counseling in Palestine: Community Pharmacists’ Attitudes, Role Perceptions and Practices
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Al Saeed, Bashaer
Smoking is a major risk factor for many diseases that causes death. Meaning, smoking cessation is a key to reducing the number of smoking-related diseases and deaths at any age. Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to promote tobacco cessation; they are the most easily accessed by the public and are exceptional situated to initiate behavior change among smokers. The objective is to assess Palestinian pharmacists’ awareness and attitudes regarding smoking cessation and determine the barriers preventing pharmacists performing their role in smoking cessation. Simple, self-administered surveys were distributed to practicing community pharmacists in Palestine (West Bank). The survey consisted of 5 sections: demographic, pharmacist’s knowledge, pharmacist’s attitude, smoking cessation treatment, and the pharmacist's role in smoking cessation. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS®) Version23. Preliminary results involving 90 pharmacists working in community pharmacies showed that pharmacists had a good knowledge regarding smoking and their role in smoking cessation (34%). A 20% of the pharmacists reported that they ‘always’ or ‘most of the time’ asked their patients about their smoking status. Once patients’ smoking status was identified, a 40% of the pharmacists provide advices regarding smoking cessation and only 25% assess smokers’ readiness to quit. Almost 33% of the recruited pharmacists ‘always’ and ‘most of the time’ assisted smokers in quitting by advising the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Only 39%, 10%, and 9% of the pharmacies expressed the availability of smoking cessation treatments such as NRT, bupropion, and champix, respectively. Only 38% of the pharmacist ‘strongly agreed’ and ‘agreed’ that the smokers appreciate their advice about quitting.
Study the Effect of Dietary Supplements and Rhubarb Root on Palestinian Diabetic Patient
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Abu Dheam, Yasmeen
Diabetes mellitus is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The World Health Organization predicts that diabetes will become the seventh leading cause of death in 2030. Dietary supplements may be used as adjuvant to anti-diabetic medications; they are perceived to prevent or at least delay diabetic complications. In addition, diabetic patients may use some herbal product to help control blood sugar. One medicinal herbal product that diabetic Palestinian patients may use is Rhubarb root. This cross-sectional study will evaluate knowledge and practice of Palestinian diabetic patients’ use of dietary supplements and herbal products in general and Rhubarb root in particular. A questionnaire will be used as an instrument of measurement. Approximately 250 questionnaires will be distributed to diabetic patients in Bethlehem, Jerusalem, Hebron, Ezzariya and Ramallah. In addition, the investigator will interview Al-Attarin about the herbal product use in diabetic rhubarb plant and will also interview patients that use this plant to obtain better knowledge of patient practice. Results: Preliminary results from 42 questionnaires suggest that 79% of diabetic patients have type II diabetes. Out of the 42 diabetic patients, only 13 patients use Dietary supplements (about 30%), and Vitamin B12.is the most nutritional supplements used by these patients. Some patients reported using some plants to treat diabetes, but none of the patients reported using the rhubarb root plant.
Synthesis of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles Using Natural Phytochemical as Antineoplastic Therapy
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-09-10) Atalla, Akram; Al tawil, Sana; Al-Agha, Hala; Radwan, Samaher; Abed, Mahmoud
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, and was estimated to account for 9.6 million deaths in 2018, according to the WHO. To reduce the significant disability, suffering and deaths caused by cancer worldwide, effective and affordable programs in early diagnosis, screening, treatment, and palliative care are needed. Treatment options may include surgery, medicines and/or radiotherapy. In our research, we try to find a new way to treat cancer naturally. Toxic chemicals are utilized in several of the processes for production of nanoparticles, either in the form of reducing agents to reduce various metal salts to their corresponding nanoparticles, or as stabilizing agents to prevent agglomeration of nanoparticles. These toxic chemicals are powerful reducing agents that are currently used to produce gold and other metallic nanoparticles. These reducing agents are highly toxic to living organisms and to the environment. The purpose of the present experimental study is to prepare biocompatible Gold nanoparticles through 3 months, which contain the phytochemical, with high purity as anti-tumor therapy for destroying of cancer cells. Gold nanoparticles will be synthesized by a “green” procedure in University of Palestine laboratories. Then it will be internalized in cancerous cells to facilitate in detecting and damaging cancerous cells. Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake part of this study will be carried on cancerous cells in Rabbits. Gold nanoparticles will be prepared and applied on cancer tissue of ten rabbits. Then, the tissue culture will be checked out by pathologist. The results of the current may indicate that these non-toxic gold nanoparticles can serve as excellent detectable and damageable agent for cancerous cells; it will be a novel approach toward tumor damaging through Nano-pharmaceuticals.
Synthesis of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles Using Natural Phytochemical as Antineoplastic Therapy
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2019-09-10) Al Agha, Hala
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, and was estimated to account for 9.6 million deaths in 2018, according to the WHO. To reduce the significant disability, suffering and deaths caused by cancer worldwide, effective and affordable programs in early diagnosis, screening, treatment, and palliative care are needed. Treatment options may include surgery, medicines and/or radiotherapy. In our research, we try to find a new way to treat cancer naturally. Toxic chemicals are utilized in several of the processes for production of nanoparticles, either in the form of reducing agents to reduce various metal salts to their corresponding nanoparticles, or as stabilizing agents to prevent agglomeration of nanoparticles. These toxic chemicals are powerful reducing agents that are currently used to produce gold and other metallic nanoparticles. These reducing agents are highly toxic to living organisms and to the environment. The purpose of the present experimental study is to prepare biocompatible Gold nanoparticles through 3 months, which contain the phytochemical, with high purity as anti-tumor therapy for destroying of cancer cells. Gold nanoparticles will be synthesized by a “green” procedure in University of Palestine laboratories. Then it will be internalized in cancerous cells to facilitate in detecting and damaging cancerous cells. Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake part of this study will be carried on cancerous cells in Rabbits. Gold nanoparticles will be prepared and applied on cancer tissue of ten rabbits. Then, the tissue culture will be checked out by pathologist. The results of the current may indicate that these non-toxic gold nanoparticles can serve as excellent detectable and damageable agent for cancerous cells; it will be a novel approach toward tumor damaging through Nano-pharmaceuticals.

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