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    النظام القانوني لتنظيم السند الرسمي الالكتروني
    (جامعة القدس, 2009-04-18) عبد الله نظمي عبد المجيد مصلح; Abdulla Nathmi Mesleh
    The government departments such as (Notary service ) still organized the official bounds such as The agencies and contracts in traditional ways. This happen by using traditional papers signing by Parties , they do this by Footprint or signature or stamp, and saving them in traditional ways , this ways are easy to lose , with technological development that s happen in the word we must keep with these technology , We race between the Arab countries in the organization of official bonds electronically. The authority is the official e-governing authority by a competent public official, according to the conditions of certain legal and electronic means, the main objective of the establishment of an electronic bill is to bring together the parties are far from each other hundreds or thousands of kilometers in a single chamber, and dispensing with the traditional paper and transactions, and the possibility of access by all citizens On official business by offering the official government Web sites. The importance of electronic official authority if applied on the ground, inter alia, it means contributing to the social service community building because it will lead individuals to open to the world, on the other interaction means higher performance and lower cost, they are on the correspondence reduced pay the other hand it Fast and be issued the same moment, a third hand help to overcome setbacks and the slow pace of the government apparatus, reducing the risk of human interpretation unprepared for the information and data and also eliminate the time wasted in the institutional framework. Not regulated by the Palestinian legislature nor any Arab lawmaker mechanism to regulate electronic securities official, and here it should be a ز distinction between the parties if there is authority and the author of Justice in the same place and if they are removed from each unit and gathered them in place, in the first case, the mechanism should be thought as _ _ similar to the reception Bonds formal, but are traditionally the mainstay of electronic signatures and electronic mail and conservation, while in the second case, we believe that this organization is one of two ways, first the presence of a notary assistant in the whereabouts of the other party and the second communication between the parties and a writer of justice through sound and image _ _ Imaging camera directly. Such bonds must have the express authority of a strong technically, it is difficult to falsify and penetration, but they need to apply to the ground by the law and to demonstrate its authority explicitly, it is authoritative authority official and authoritative editor of the regular mail, is also the need for technical support And technicians on the ground to become the official authority electronic possible on the ground and the force of law. To achieve our study goal we adopted a descriptive analytical approach to prepare this thesis and we reached to Substantial results are:- 1. The draft did not trade and electronic commerce laws of most Palestinian and Arab States of modern electronic bill did not bear the official definition. 2. formal authority enjoyed several advantages of electronic does not have the formal authority of traditional authority such as this that there is an intermediary electronic, computer, and may lack some of the parties in place, and the presence of more than a notary 3-to regulate certain kinds of authority official website. 3. The existence of legal problems facing formal authority, such as electronic inadequacy of existing legislation to the official electronic bonds, as well as the presence of technical problems in official circles, such as lack of a ح secure network between institutions and the lack of technical system of egovernment. 4. Match elements of traditional formal authority and formal authority is the ordinary writing, signature and the official governing authority by a competent public official, according to the conditions established legal, and there is no difference here in the form of writing, signature and the process of receiving notary bond. 5. Conditions apply to traditional writing to write the formal authority of electronic mail 6. Identical to the terms of the electronic signature with the signing of the normal increase, but a condition that the documentation. 7. Electronic signature documented more accurate and safe and difficult to forgery and protect himself and protect the authority and demonstrates the site more satisfaction the signing of the ordinary. 8. Many lawmakers gave the editor of electronic authentic full of proof and gave him power equal to the force of law, such as traditional editor of the French and Tunisian legislation and the legislature UAE and some lawmakers gave the editor of the electronic force less than a conventional editor such as the Jordanian law and a bill exchanges and electronic commerce in Palestine.
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    مجزرة الطنطورة
    (جامعة القدس, 2009-05-09) محمد فوزي طنجي; Mohammad Fawzi Tanji
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    Knowledge and Practices of Governmental Hospital Physicians about Health Risk of Ionizing Radiation in Gaza Governorates
    (Al-Quds University, 2009-12-22) Rania Ibraheem Al-Astal; رانيا ابراهيم الاسطل
    Ionizing Radiation (IR) is widely used in medicine, especially in diagnostic investigations and therapeutic procedures. It is well-known that ionizing radiation is risky to humankind. Therefore, the benefits from carrying out radiological investigations and therapeutic procedures should exceed its anticipated risks. However, physicians play a role in exposing patients to this radiation as they request these radiological examinations. So, this study has been designed to assess the level of knowledge and practices toward ionizing radiation risks among physicians in order to improve their practices and subsequently to reduce patients' exposure to risks. The study is a cross sectional one; conducted in three governmental hospitals; Shifa, Nasser and the European Gaza Hospital. The participating physicians were about 300 selected via a proportional stratified sampling procedure. The administrative and ethical considerations were taken into account. A selfadministered questionnaire was distributed to the selected physicians and 210 completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 70%. Using a scoring system for assessing knowledge, the study findings indicate that physicians' knowledge towards IR risks was relatively low (less than 56 %). Only 14% of them had a high knowledge in this regard. Regarding physicians' practices, although it was slightly higher their knowledge (58%), still it was relatively low. Only 24% of physicians reported appropriate practices. Additionally, the study showed that there are no statistically significant variations in knowledge and/or practices among participants in relation to age, education and place of work. Moreover, there are no statistically significant variations in neither the knowledge nor the practices among the study subjects in reference to work related factors including; years of experience, experience in radiology department, type of specialty and department. In contrast, participants who use x-ray in therapeutic interventions (guidance) reported more appropriate practices than their counterparts who do not and the variation among the two groups were statistically significant (P value less than 0.05). According to the results, increasing the knowledge of physicians about IR risks and training them about radiation protection are priority issues. Also developing an imaging protocol to help physicians to promote standardized safe practices is a serious responsibility of the decision makers
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    بُنية الفلسفة الإسلامية وموقف عبد الرحمن بدوي منها
    (Al-Quds University, 2019-11-27) رهام محمد عزالدين سنقرط; Riham Muhammad Ezzeddin Sinokrot
    Perhaps it is difficult to find a culture that did not know the philosophical question in one way or another, and for this reason it became popular among those interested in saying: facing philosophy and standing up to it can only be on a philosophical ground, and Islamic culture is not a heresy between cultures, as the major philosophical questions were asked with the beginning of Islam And his presentation of a cosmic vision that answers the major theoretical questions that insist on the human mind regardless of its religious background, then Muslims in their cultural history soon moved from the stage of philosophizing without naming to philosophizing with naming, with their entry into the era of translation and getting acquainted with the extraneous sciences, and from then on. The debate continues about philosophy from many sides, starting from the question about the definition of philosophy to the latest questions that make philosophy a science and a focus of discussion and teaching. Among the intense discussions that revolve around philosophy are the discussion of the identity and cultural affiliation of philosophy. Thinkers in the twentieth century began to debate the Arabism or Islamism of philosophy. Associate philosophers and their philosophical approaches differed as well as they differed in their view and evaluation of Islamic philosophy. An authentic philosophy, stemming from the spirit of Islamic civilization, or an imitation of other philosophies, on top of which is Greek philosophy, Among contemporary philosophers, Abd al-Rahman Badawi, we review the most important aspects of thought in the Islamic heritage, especially Islamic philosophy, and how his position on Islamic civilization and philosophy was. It is nothing but a pseudo-speech science, or let's say a hybrid philosophy, and then how did his viewpoint about Islamic philosophy change.
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    رأس المال الاجتماعي وأثره على الرضا الوظيفي للعاملين في الجامعات الفلسطينية
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-07-29) حمزة حسني محمد عبد الله; Hamza Husni Mohammad Abdullah
    The study aimed to identify the impact of social capital in Palestinian universities, by identifying the dimensions of social capital that are represented in (fellowship, trust, cooperation and solidarity, inclusion), and their impact on the level of job satisfaction for workers in Palestinian universities. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method to reach the results of the study, and the study population consisted of all workers in Palestinian universities in the West Bank, which numbered 10,205 employees. For the purposes of this study, a partial community was chosen from the total community, represented in the selection of employees in three universities, (Al-Quds University, Palestine Ahliya University, and Hebron University) where the number of employees in these universities (1838) employees, and the researcher used the questionnaire to collect data from the study sample that reached 218 employees. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is that social capital has a great importance in Palestinian universities represented by its various dimensions, especially cooperation and interdependence, which plays the largest role in the formation of social capital, followed by both the dimension of fellowship (social susceptibility) and inclusion, then Confidence dimension, and that the level of job satisfaction for workers in Palestinian universities is low from the point of view of the study sample individuals, and through examining the hypotheses it was found that there is a significant impact of social capital on job satisfaction among workers in Palestinian universities, and that participation is the most influential dimension, followed by Trust, then fellowship, and finally cooperation and solidarity. Based on the results reached, the researcher presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which is strengthening social capital in Palestinian universities and raising its levels with different dimensions among its employees.
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    إدارة المخاطر بين البنوك الإسلامية والتقليدية في ضوء معايير بازل الدولية للرقابة على المصارف العاملة في فلسطين
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-08-19) أسيد عبد الرحيم محمد عيسه; Osaid Abd Al-Raheem Ayasa
    This study aims to analyze and compare the size and extent of risk management practices for Islamic and conventional banks by defining and managing risks, indicating their types and controlling activities, and to understand how to calculate the risk-based capital adequacy ratio, and to ensure that banks apply Basel Standards in Palestine. To answer the question, How can Basel Standards be applied to Islamic banks in Palestine? The study also aims to identify the measurement techniques and risk mitigation tools used by Islamic and conventional banks operating in Palestine. And assess the impact of risk management, and analysis of liquidity risk on the risk management practices of Islamic and conventional banks in Palestine. The study used the quantitative research approach in collecting and analyzing data through two sources of primary and secondary data as tools of the study. Secondary data is collected through the annual reports of Islamic and conventional banks for a period of six years from 2013 to 2019 and a content analysis is performed using frequency analysis and recording the unlikely indicator. As for the initial data, through a tight questionnaire from specialists, and its application to employees, risk managers, and customer relations coordinators at Islamic and conventional banks. The study sample represented employees working in traditional banks (Arab Bank, Bank of Palestine, Alquds Bank, Bank of Jordan, and The National Bank; and Islamic Banks (Palestinian Islamic Bank, Arab Islamic Bank), as the number reached 150 respondents. Primary data was collected using the questionnaire attached in the appendix, and completed questionnaires were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS), regression analysis and the Mann-Whitney U test. The study found that Islamic banks differ significantly from their traditional counterparts in risk identification, risk management practices, liquidity risk analysis and risk management. Moreover, the variables (risk identification, risk assessment and analysis, credit risk analysis) are the most influential in the risk management practices of banks. Also, credit, liquidity, market and operational risks are the most important risks that conventional and Islamic banks face.
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    التنظيم القانوني للعفو العام في التشريع الفلسطيني
    (Al-Quds University, 2020-08-29) باسل موسى عبد الله الشلالدة; Basel mousa Abdallah AL-shalaldeh
    The criminal rule aims to protect the interests that the legislator considers worthy of protection. The provisions of criminalization and punishment aim mainly to defend society and ensure its stability through the imposition of criminal penalties that achieve both public deterrence and the private deterrence of crime. On the other hand, on the other hand, and in sharp contrast, the legislator sometimes decides to drop the crime by issuing a law to forgive the perpetrator and forfeit any criminal responsibility for what he has committed. Perhaps this is due to the state's attempt to achieve social calm, bypassing grim economic conditions, or bypassing the political turmoil that ravaged the country during a harsh era that society tries to contend with a new political era. Although the Palestinian legislator recognized that the general amnesty constitutes a reason for the termination of the public lawsuit, it has neglected to adequately regulate the provisions relating to the general amnesty and its effects. For example, the legislator did not decide on the types of crimes that could be covered by a general amnesty, as well as the effect of issuing a general amnesty on the personal rights of others. Not to mention the ambiguity of the general amnesty regarding its impact on both the adjudication of ancillary and complementary punishment and the precautionary measure. Therefore, this study attempts to answer the main problem represented by the following: What are the legal interventions that the legislative regulator can undertake to remove the ambiguity that hangs over the provisions of the general amnesty? In order to achieve this, the study relies on both the descriptive method, the analytical method with its two parts (inductive and deductive), and the comparative method as scientific tools that contribute to formulating reliable results and acceptable and applicable recommendations. This study devotes the first chapter to understanding general provisions of a general amnesty, including a careful definition of concepts and a study of the philosophy on which the amnesty system was built and the most important characteristics that distinguish this system. As for the second chapter, most of its content revolves around researching the most important effects of a general amnesty, whether that is in relation to the criminal case or the penalty. The study concludes with several findings and recommendations, the most important of which is the need to amend the provisions of the Palestinian penal legislation to remove the ambiguity in the texts governing the amnesty. This study also suggests to decision-makers that a general amnesty law should be issued to drop some criminal incidents or judicial rulings in a way that strengthens the protective shield of the Palestinian nation to confront these exceptional circumstances represented in the growing conspiracies waged by the brutal Israeli occupation on the ground and the spread of the deadly global epidemic known as "Covid-19" in the occupied Palestinian territories.
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    محمد بن عبد الله بن أحمد الخطيب التُمُرتاشي الغزي وأثره في الفقه الحنفي
    (Al-Quds University, 2022-01-08) محمد عبد الرحيم إسماعيل خصيب; Mohamed Abdel Rahim Ismail Khaseeb
    Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Ahmed Al-Khatib Al-Tamrtashi Al-Ghazi and his impact on Hanafi jurisprudence. Mohamed Abdel Rahim Ismail Khaseeb. Mr. Dr. Husam Al-Din bin Musa Afana. This thesis dealt with the biography of Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Ahmed al-Khatib al-Tamrtashi al-Ghazzi and its impact on Hanafi jurisprudence. It began with the introduction about al-Tamartashi preacher, and presented a comprehensive study about: his name, lineage, birth, teachers, trips, Scientists' recommendations, his pupils and the Tamartash family. It also showed his writings, the year of his death, then it mentioned his impact in the Hanafi jurisprudence, showed the sources of the preacher, and what he accepted and rejected. The thesis explained the importance of his book "Tanweer Al-Absar Wa Jam'a Al-Behar" and showed how Tmartashi preacher was influenced by Hanafi jurisprudence. It also presented the advantages of the Hanafi jurisprudence that characterized it from other jurisprudences, including: strictness in accepting the hadiths which is from one narrator, expansion of measurement and approval, expansion of doctrinal tricks, and hypothetical jurisprudence. The thesis showed the approved doctrine books and unapproved ones which Tmartashi preacher was influenced. It also dealt with the terms of the Hanafi doctrine. And then I started to mention some of the issues in which the preacher completely disagreed with the Hanafi doctrine and sided with another opinion or agreed the doctrine, but he had his own opinion in it, either it is an effective addition or omission. The issues began to mention the saying of al-Tamrashi by presenting his opinion first, then the approved opinion in hanafi jurisprudence. After that I mentioned the opinion of other schools: Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali, and remembering the best opinion which is based on the legitimate evidence. Some issues have an introduction explaining the terms of the issue. In this study, I concluded that there is a difference, and a clear impact between the al-Khatib al-Tamrashi and the Hanafi doctrine, he was a jurist of Hanafi doctrine. His book "Tanweer Al-Absar Wa Jam'a Al-Behar" is adopted in the doctrine which is one of the basic references in the doctrine. I found out that al-Tamrashi followed the same sources of the doctrine, but he was ahead of Abu Hanifa and his companions, and the contradiction between him and the doctrine because of the hadiths that al-Tamrashi took and
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    مدى انتشار الميول الانتحارية وعلاقتها بالرضا عن الحياة لدى الراشدين في محافظة رام الله والبيرة
    (جامعة القدس, 2022-01-31) إخلاص محمد الشيخ; Ikhlas Mohammad Sheikh
    يعد الرضا عن الحياة عاملاً اساسياً في الصحة النفسية للفرد، وتقبله للأحداث والمواقف الحياتية، لذلك فإن انخفاض مستوى الرضا يدل على عدم التوافق النفسي، واحتمالية التأزم عند مواجهة ضغوط الحياة. وعليه تناولت الدراسة الحالية مدى انتشار الميول الانتحارية وعلاقتها بالرضا عن الحياة لدى الراشدين في محافظة رام الله والبيرة، بالإضافة الى كشف عن مستوى الميول الانتحارية وعلاقته بالمتغيرات المستقلة. وقد تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، وطبقت على عينة من طلاب الجامعات والمؤسسات الحكومية والخاصة باستخدام العينة المتاحة، التي تكونت من (430) شخص. ولتحقيق اهداف الدراسة قامت الباحثة ببناء استبانه خاصة؛ مكونة من البيانات الديموغرافية والمتغيرات المستقلة ومقياس الرضا عن الحياة من اعداد إد دينير(1993)، ومقياس الميول الانتحارية من اعداد رود، بإعداد وتقنين الباحث الغلبان (2018). أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين الميول الانتحارية والرضا عن الحياة لدى الراشدين في محافظة رام الله والبيرة، وقد بلغ المتوسط الحسابي العام للرضا عن الحياة (3.11) وبتقدير متوسط. وبلغ المتوسط الحسابي العام للميول الانتحاري (2.37) وبتقدير متوسط. وأشارت النتائج الى وجود علاقة دالة احصائياً بين متغير الميول الانتحارية لدى الراشدين ومتغير العمر، ومتغير الحالة الاجتماعية، ومتغير المستوى التعليمي، بينما لم تظهر النتائج علاقة بين الميول الانتحارية ومتغير الجنس. حيث كان هناك علاقة ذات دلالة احصائياً بين الميول الانتحارية والرضا عن الحياة. وخرجت الدراسة بمجموعة من التوصيات أهمها: ضرورة تعزيز دور وسائل الاعلام بمختلف أشكالها في مجال التوعية المجتمعية، وضرورة العمل على متابعة الحالات الخاصة التي تتعرض لازمات نفسية واجتماعية وتدريب الافراد على التعامل معها بطريقة تساهم في تقليل حالة الضغط والقلق والاكتئاب لديه بما يزيد من مستوى الرضا عن الحياة. Satisfaction with life is a key factor in the mental health of the individual, and his acceptance of life events and situations. Therefore, a low level of satisfaction indicates psychological incompatibility, and the possibility of aggravation when facing life pressures. Accordingly, the current study addressed ]the prevalence of suicidal tendencies and its relationship with life satisfaction among adults in the Ramallah and Al-Bireh governorate, in addition to revealing the level of suicidal tendencies and its relationship to independent variables. The descriptive correlative approach was used, and it was applied to a sample of university students, government and private institutions, using the available sample, which consisted of (430) people. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher built a special questionnaire; It consists of demographic data, independent variables, and life satisfaction scale prepared by Ed Denier (1993), and suicidal tendencies scale prepared by Rod, prepared and codified by Al-Ghalban (2018). The results showed that there were statistically correlation between suicidal tendency and life satisfaction among adults in Ramallah and Al-Bireh governorate, and the general arithmetic mean of life satisfaction was (3.11), with an average rating. The general arithmetic mean of suicidal tendencies was (2.37), with an average estimate. In addition, the results indicated that there was a statistically significant correlation between suicidal tendency among adults and the variables: age, marital status variable, and educational leve, while the results did not show correlation between suicidal tendency and gender. Where there was a statistically significant correlation between suicidal tendency and life satisfaction. The study came out with a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: the need to strengthen the role of the media in its various forms in the field of community awareness, and the need to work on following up on special cases that are exposed to psychological and social crises and training individuals to deal with them in a way that contributes to reducing the state of stress, anxiety and depression, which increases the level of satisfaction with life
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    معيار المصلحة العامة لنزع الملكية في التشريع الفلسطيني
    (Al-Quds University, 2022-08-11) دعاء محمد بدوي التميمي; Doaa Mohammed Badawi “Al-Daour Tamimi
    تناول هذا البحث إجراء يتسم بالخصوصية الشديد، وهو نزع الملكية الخاصة من أجل تحقيق المنفعة العامة، حيث تعد الملكية الخاصة مصونة في كافة التشريعات الوضعية، فلا يجوز نزعها إلا للمنفعة العامة، ويكون بمقابل عادل، وشروط معينة. ولقد سلطت الباحثة الضوء من خلال هذه الدراسة على إجراء نزع الملكية الخاصة للمنفعة العامة وما قد يترتب على ذلك من آثار، وطرق الطعن في قرار نزع الملكية الخاصة، وتطرق البحث إلى آليات تقدير قيمة التعويض. وبينت الباحثة القوانين سارية المفعول داخل دولة فلسطين التي تنظم إجراء نزع الملكية الخاصة للمنفعة العامة، وهي أربعة قوانين وهي قانون تنظيم المدن لسنة 1936م وتعديلاته، وقانون الاستملاك لسنة 1943 م وتعديلاته، ويتم تطبيقهما في قطاع غزة، وقانون تنظيم المدن لسنة 1966م، وقانون الاستملاك لسنة 1953م وهما ساريان المفعول في الضفة الغربية، وتم تسليط الضوء في هذا الباحث لأحكام قوانين الاستملاك المطبقة في قطاع غزة والضفة الغربية، حيث تبين وجود اختلافات فيما بينها، كما منح المشرع الجهة الإدارية الحق في النزع دون تعويض ضمن حدود 25% إلى 30%، إضافة إلى أن التعويض عن النزع رغم أنه تعويض عادل إلا أنه ليس كامل. وزكر البحث على اقتراح حلول للإشكاليات المتعلقة بقوانين نزع الملكية، في محاولة للحث على سن تشريعات حديثة تعالج القصور في القوانين الحالية، لاسيما ما يتعلق بالنزع دون تعويض مناسب، والذي يثير شبهة عدم الدستورية. وفي النهاية توصلت الباحثة إلى عدة نتائج، كان أبرزها: جواز نزع الملكية الخاصة شريطة أن يكون الهدف تحقيق المصلحة العامة، نظير تعويض عادل، كما أن قرار نزع الملكية الخاصة لتحقيق منفعة عامة يصدر بناء على قرار من مجلس الوزراء، كما أوجب القانون ضرورة تصديق رئيس الدولة على هذا القرار، باستثناء نزع الملكية الخاصة لتوسعة الطرق، وإنشاء المدارس والحدائق والساحات العامة، وقرار نزع الملكية الخاصة لتحقيق منفعة عامة هو قرار إداري وليس قضائي، لذا يتعين توافر كافة عناصر وأركان القرار الإداري فيه. وحرصت الباحثة على اقتراح عدد من التوصيات كان أهمها: ضرورة صياغة قانون موحد لتنظيم أحكام نزع الملكية الخاصة بهدف تحقيق منفعة عامة يطبق في كافة أنحاء دولة فلسطين، وإلغاء النص القاضي بحق جهة الإدارة الاستيلاء على 30% من مساحة الأرض المملوكة ملكية خاصة للأفراد دون تعويض، بغية توسعة الطرق، أو إنشاء حدائق عامة، أو مداري، لمخالفته للشريعة الإسلامية، وما يمثله من اجحاف في حقوق الملاك This research dealt with a very special procedure, which is the expropriation of private property in order to achieve the public benefit, as private property is protected in all man-made legislations, and it may not be expropriated except for the public benefit, and it is in return for a fair and certain conditions. The researcher has shed light through this study on the procedure of expropriation of private property for the public benefit and the possible consequences, and methods of appealing the decision of expropriation of private property, and the research touched on the mechanisms of estimating the value of compensation. The researcher showed the laws in force within the State of Palestine that regulate the procedure of expropriation of private property for the public benefit, and they are four laws, namely the Town Planning Law of 1936 AD and its amendments, the Expropriation Law of 1943 AD and its amendments, and they are applied in the Gaza Strip, the Town Planning Law of 1966, and the Expropriation Law of the year 1953 AD, and they are valid in the West Bank, and the provisions of the expropriation laws applied in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank were highlighted in this researcher, where it was found that there are differences between them. The legislator also granted the administrative authority the right to expropriate without compensation within the limits of 25% to 30%, in addition to the fact that compensation for expropriation, although it is a fair compensation, it is not complete. The research mentioned proposing solutions to problems related to expropriation laws, in an attempt to urge the enactment of modern legislation that addresses the shortcomings in current laws, especially with regard to expropriation without appropriate compensation, which raises the suspicion of unconstitutionality. In the end, the researcher reached several results, the most prominent of which were: the permissibility of expropriation of private property provided that the goal is to achieve the public interest, in exchange for fair compensation, and the decision to expropriate private property to achieve a public benefit is issued based on a decision of the Council of Ministers, and the law requires the ratification of the President The state is bound by this decision, with the exception of expropriating private property to expand roads, and establish schools, parks and public squares. The decision to expropriate private property for public benefit is an administrative decision, not a judicial one, so all the elements and elements of the administrative decision must be present in it. The researcher was keen to propose a number of recommendations, the most important of which were: the need to formulate a unified law to regulate the provisions of private expropriation in order to achieve a public benefit that is applied throughout the State of Palestine, and to abolish the text that stipulates the right of the administration to seize 30% of the land area privately owned by individuals without compensation, With a view to widening the roads, or establishing public parks, or an orbital area, due to its violation of Islamic law, and the unfairness it represents in the rights of owners
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    Elucidating the molecular interactions of human immunoglobulins with liposomal drug carriers
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-04-05) Nancy Hazem Mohammed Mohammed; نانسي حازم محمد محمد
    Nanocarriers' success in biomedical applications depends largely on their uptake efficiency. In most cases biomolecules like proteins, DNA, and antibiotics are taken up via endocytosis by living cells. These cell organelles are part of the cell’s catabolic system, thus leading to enzymatic degradation of the NPs. A more promising alternative is to induce membrane fusion between the carrier and the cellular membrane for efficient molecular delivery. Therefore, liposomes with highly fusogenic prosperities have been developed at the Research Center of Jülich, called fusogenic liposomes (FLs)[1]. Applications relying on FLs as molecular delivery purposes have been successfully applied i.e. proteins, anti-cancer drugs, DNA, mRNA and siRNA[1], [2], but the exact mechanism of fusion has to be elucidated in more detail in future analysis. If nanoparticles are injected into the blood stream, they interact with hundreds of biomolecules that adsorb on their surface forming the so-called "protein corona". Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a corona-forming protein, mainly involved in immune reactions. IgG behaves as opsonin, which decrease the circulation time, promote inflammation, allergic reactions, and increase blood clearance by inducing complement activation [3]. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying immunoglobulin-nanoparticles interaction is yet unspecified. Therefore, this work has aimed to investigate the interaction of IgG with different liposomal formulations including fusogenic liposomes (FL), PEGylated liposomes (DOPC-PEG), and neutral liposomes (DOPC) as a control. For characterization of the liposomes/IgG complexes, dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering (DLS and ELS), respectively were applied. The stability and IgG affinity to different liposomal formulations were investigated by fluorescence quenching spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Stern and modified Stern-Volumer equations and ITC plots were used to calculate binding constants, binding site, and thermodynamics parameters of IgG/liposomes complexes. The results of DLS and ELS showed that IgG adsorbed only on FL surfaces, as indicated by a significant increase in hydrodynamic diameter and a neutral zeta potential values approaching that of free IgG. Furthermore, PEGylated liposomes prevent IgG adsorption due to their low PEG density used (5%). Observations of fluorescence spectroscopy show that the structural change in IgG remains stable, but the quenching effect was only observed in FL. Further analysis of fluorescence data show that the FL/IgG complexes are electrostatically bound. Meanwhile, ITC shows mainly hydrophobic forces govern the FL/IgG complex. No binding was observed, with neutral liposomes (DOPC). While DOPC-PEG shows a contradictory result that indicates non-covalent binding with IgG. Further research may provide more accurate results. The results of this study suggest that FLs could be a promising safe therapeutic carrier in drug delivery. يعتمد نجاح الجسيمات النانوية في التطبيقات الطبية الحيوية إلى حد كبير على قدرتها على الاندماج بكفاءة مع الخلايا الحية وتفادي الجهاز المناعي. ولكن في معظم الحالات، تقوم الخلايا بامتصاص الجزيئات عبر عملية تدعى الالتقام الخلوي"endocytic pathway”، حيث تعمل على إدخال جزيئات مثل البروتينات والحمض النووي والمضادات الحيوية إلى الخلايا الحية. من سلبيات هذه العملية أنها تحارب الجسميات النانوية "جسم غريب" مما يؤدي إلى إفراغ محتوياتها وبالتالي تدميرها عبر الجسيمات الحالة. أظهرت العديد من الدراسات أن تحفيز اندماج الغشاء بين المادة الحاملة " الجسيمات النانوية " والغشاء الخلوي في الداخل يؤدي إلى توصيل جزيئي فعال. لذلك، تم تطوير جسيمات نانوية لها قدرة عالية على الاندماج مع الغشاء الخلوي، في مركز الأبحاث في يوليش ، حيث اطلقوا عليها اسم [4] (Fusogenic liposomes ‘FL’) .تم اختبار قدرة هذه الجسيمات FLs على إيصال جزيئات مثل البروتينات والعقاقير المضادة للسرطان والحمض النووي وmRNA و siRNA [1], [2]، حيث اظهرت قدرة عالية على الاندماج وايصال الجزيئات بشكل آمن وفعال، ولكن يجب توضيح الآلية الدقيقة للاندماج بمزيد من التفصيل في الأبحاث المستقبلية. يتم حقن الجسيمات النانوية في مجرى الدم حيث تتفاعل مع مئات الجسيمات الموجودة بالدم، مما يؤدي إلى التصاق بعض هذه الجسيمات على سطحها مكونة ما يسمى بـ الهالة البروتينية "Protein corona". قد تحتوي هذه الهالة البروتينية على جسيمات من الجهاز المناعي، مثل الغلوبولين المناعي (IgGs) حيث يمثل جزء رئيسي في الدم، ويشارك في تفعيل جهاز المناعة [3]. ومع ذلك، فإن الآلية الكامنة وراء تفاعل IgGs مع الجسيمات النانوية بحاجة لمزيد من التفصيل. لذلك، يهدف هذا العمل إلى دراسة الاستجابة المناعية للغلوبولين المناعي IgG تجاه جسيمات نانوية مختلفة تشمل: جسيمات اندماجية (FL) ، و جسيمات نانوية مرتبطة ببوليمر (DOPC-PEG) ، وجسيمات تحمل شحنة متعادلة (DOPC) لتستخدم كمرجع. تم استخدام العديد من التقنيات لدراسة التفاعل بين IgG والجسيمات النانوية المختلفة ،مثل: Dynamic and Electrophoretic light scattering (DLS) and (ELS،( fluorescence quenching spectroscopy and Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). كما تم توظيف بعض المعادلات مثل Stern and modified Stern-volumer equations لحساب معامل الارتباط، وعدد مواقع الارتباط على IgG ، والثوابت المرتبطة بالديناميكا الحرارية التي تحمل معلومات عن التفاعل. أظهرت نتائج DLS و ELS وجود ل IgG على سطح FL وقد تمثل ذلك في زيادة في قطر الجسيم FL و اكتسابه شحنة سالبة ناتجة عن وجود البروتين IgG الذي يحمل شحنة سالبة على سطح FL. أما الجسيمات المرتبطة ببوليمر " PEGylated liposomes " فقد عمل البوليمر على منع وصول البروتين IgG إلى سطحه، وذلك بسبب إضافة نسبة قليلة من البوليمر(5% PEG) إلى الجسيم " DOPC-PEG ". أظهرت نتائج المطيافية" fluorescence spectroscopy " ان البروتين IgG ارتبط فقط مع FL وأن عملية الارتباط FL / IgG لم تشمل تغيرا في البروتين IgG ولا في الطول الموجي للطيف الإنبعاثي للبروتين، حيث ان IgG ارتبط عن طريق القوى الالكتروستاتيكية مع FL . كما أكدت نتائج ITC هذا، اما الجسيمات المتعادلة فلم تظهر تفاعلا مع IgG بينما أظهرت نتائج ال ITC للجسيمات المرتبطة ببوليمر "DOPC-PEG " ان هناك تفاعل بينها وبين IgG مما يؤدي إلى تناقض مع النتائج السابقة خلال هذه الدراسة التي أظهرت عدم وجود تفاعل بينهم . لذا نحن بحاجة لإجراء مزيد من التجارب المستقبلية للجسيمات المرتبطة ببوليمر "DOPC-PEG" للحصول على نتائج دقيقة. أما بالنسبة للجسيمات الاندماجية FL فقد أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أن FLs يمكن أن يكون ناقلًا علاجيًا آمنًا واعدًا في توصيل الأدوية.
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    Securing electricity needs from rooftop solar PV systems: A case study of three schools in Beit Fajjar-Bethlehem-Palestine
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-12-23) Ali yousef Taqatqa; علي يوسف طقاطقة
    In Palestine the energy sector suffers due to the various policies of the Israeli occupation, and the energy sector in Palestine is considered expensive as a result of the dependence of the industrial sector in Palestine directly on electricity, so it is necessary to resort to sources of renewable energy as a new source of energy. Solar energy systems are one of the most important renewable energy sources in the world, and the countries of the world today seek to exploit this method in securing their energy needs. To exploit solar energy must be available the spaces on which solar projects should be placed, hence the idea of this study in exploiting the roofs of almost empty schools in the generation of electricity through solar photovoltaic projects, because schools close their doors about 180 days a year, and have a period of working a day with a maximum of 7 hours, as well as the low energy consumption, all of these stimulate the exploitation of these spaces available on school roofs to generate solar energy. In order to study the feasibility of exploiting the roofs of buildings to generate electrical energy, in this study, PVsyst software was used to build and design three photovoltaic systems on the roofs of three schools of different area and amount of consumption, and then calculate the income and payback period. The total area used in the three projects combined was about 901 m2, the total number of panels used was 345 panels, and the capacity of the three systems 189.75 Kw, so the annual production 314681 kwh. From the electricity company’s readings, it was found that the three schools consumes an amount of electricity amounting to 39401 kwh, so the annual surplus amount from the three schools is about 268653 kwh, and its annual selling price reaches 150445.68 NIS. The number of schools in Palestine 3075 When this project is implemented on the roofs of these schools, they will produce 322.54 Gwh, which represents 4.98% of the annual consumption of electricity in Palestine, in addition to the schools’ energy consumption, which represents 0.6% of the annual consumption. The total cost of the project will reach 816 million NIS with a payback period of about 5 years, and the total annual income from selling the surplus electricity for schools will be 154 million NIS. This will help reduce the bill for purchasing electricity from Israel, as it will save the Palestinian treasury an amount of 150. 5 million NIS after about 5 years