Agriculture Extension

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    Molecular Characterization of Palestinian Local Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.)
    (Al-Quds University, 2023-03-11) Shayma Osama Zeidan Al-Jubeh; شيماء أسامه زيدان الجعبة
    Cucurbita pepo L. is one of the most economically important crops in the Cucurbitaceae, and it gains this value from the culinary uses of immature fruit that’s referred as “summer squash”. In Palestine, the local zucchini which is one of the varieties of summer squash is very popular for the consumers and there is a high market demand on it. Palestinian zucchini is widely grown in the areas of Hebron, Bethlehem, and Ramallah and it is characterized by long growing season, and its leaves are dark green, in addition to its green fruits with a strong aroma, flavor and taste.This study was performed to assess the genetic diversity of the local Palestinian zucchini using SSR markers. Thirty three zucchini samples were collected in which twenty-six of them were local accessions obtained from the Union of Agricultural Work Committees (UAWC). The other seven accessions were commercial accessions gathered from a local agricultural equipment store. In addition to the zucchini samples, six accessions from other species of the Cucurbitacaea family were studied, including gourd, snake melon, and muskmelon. All of the samples were grown in an open field in order to make note of some morphological traits and to make visual documentation. The accessions were assessed using 50 SSR markers; only nine primers were used in the analysis as they have produced polymorphic bands. Out of the nine, primer UAWC 39 produced a unique band for the gourd accessions while producing no bands for the muskmelon or snake melon accessions. Therefore, this primer can be a potential primer to differentiate between zucchini and gourd. On the other hand, primer UAWC 13 produced a unique band for the muskmelon and snake melon accessions, while gourd and zucchini accessions produced identical bands. Accordingly, this primer can be used to differentiate zucchini and gourd accessions from snake melon and muskmelon accessions.The nine SSR primers used in the analyses produced total 27 polymorphic SSR loci.According to these results, the genetic distance matrix was calculated according to the Jacquard's similarity coefficient and the distance between the squash accessions ranged between (0.00 – 0.68). The lowest genetic distance was observed between two commercial accessions; therefore it was assumed that these two accessions are identical with different commercial names. Furthermore, a neighbor joining tree was constructed according to the genetic distance matrix that was calculated using Jacquard similarity coefficient formula. NJ tree clustered the accessions to four major groups and it has shown how the accessions of gourd, muskmelon, and snake melon are away from squash accessions. In addition to that, it has also shown how there is a genetic variation among the local accessions of zucchini. This genetic diversity among local zucchini accessions is a source of genetic material that can be used for classical breeding or new biotechnological techniques to produce new varieties that are better suited to the changing environment if the need arises. Therefore we recommend that these local accessions continue to be maintained, are further characterized, and are made available to scientists and farmers for crop improvement. تم اجراء هذا البحث من اجل دراسة التنوع الوراثي لنبات الكوسا البلدي في فلسطين. حيث يعتبر الكوسا أحد اهم انواع القرعيات في فلسطين ذات الطلب العالي في الأسواق المحلية كونها محببة لدى المستهلكين. يتميز الكوسا البلدي بموسم نمو طويل و ثمار خضراء داكنة اللون ذات رائحة و نكهة قوية ومميزة، وتزرع بشكل كبير في مناطق الخليل و بيت لحم ورام الله. شملت الدراسة ثلاثة وثلاثون عينة من الكوسا، حيث كانت ستة وعشرون منها عبارة عن كوسا بلدي تم جمعها من بنك البذور التابع للجان اتحاد العمل الزراعي والسبع عينات الأخرى كانت عينات تجارية من السوق المحلي. بالاضافة لأصناف الكوسا فقد تم دراسة ستة عينات من أصناف اخرى من عائلة القرعيات وهي القرع والشمام والبطيخ. ومن أجل اتمام الدراسة تم استخدام الواسم الجزيئي SSR marker. من أجل اتمام الدراسة تم استخدام الواسم الجزيئي " SSR marker" حيث تم استخدام ٥٠ برايمر ولكن فقط تسعة منها تم استخدامها في التحليل لأنها انتجت نتائج مرضية من أجل اتمام هدف الدراسة. واحدة من النتائج المهمة التي ظهرت باستخدام هذه البرايمرات كانت باستخدام برايمر (39UAWC ) حيث أظهر علامات خاصة ومميزة لنباتات القرع بينما لم يظهر أي علامات للبطيخ أو الشمام وبذلك من الممكن استخدامه للتفريق بين الكوسا و القرع. من ناحية أخرى، انتج البرايمر (13 UAWC) علامات خاصة للشمام والبطيخ بينما تشارك القرع بعلامات خاصه مع الكوسا. بناء على النتائج التي ظهرت باستخدام الواسم الجزيئي تم استخدام برنامج FAMD من أجل دراسة التنوع الوراثي للعينات. بالبداية تم حساب المسافة الوراثية بين العينات باستخدام مؤشر جاكارد حيث تراوحت المسافة بين عينات الكوسا بين (0.00 - 0.68). لوحظت أدنى مسافة وراثية بين مدخلين تجاريين ؛ لذلك تم افتراض أن هذين المُدخلين متطابقان مع أسماء تجارية مختلفة. بالاضافة لذلك، تم انشاء شجرة قرابة neighbor joining وفقا لمصفوفة المسافة الوراثية. قد قسمت الشجرة العينات لأربع مجموعات رئيسية و أظهرت أن مدخلات القرع و البطيخ والشمام في مجموعة خاصة بعيدة عن الكوسا و بذلك فقد تقسمت عينات الكوسا لثلاث مجموعات رئيسية وهذا يدل على وجود تنوع وراثي بين هذه العينات. كما أظهرت ان بعض عينات الكوسا البلدي قد تكون هجينة لكونها على مسافة قريبة جدا من العينات التجارية وفي نفس المجموعة التي تضم العينات التجارية. هذا التنوع الوراثي بين مدخلات الكوسة البلدية هو مصدر للمواد الوراثية لتي يمكن استخدامها لإنتاج أصناف جديدة أكثر ملاءمة للبيئة إذا دعت الحاجة. لذلك نوصي بمواصلة الحفاظ على هذه المُدخَلات البلدية وتوصيفها بشكل أكب وإتاحتها للعلماء والمزارعين لتحسين المحاصيل.
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    تأثير تطبيق معيار المحاسبة الدولي رقم (IAS 19) "منافع الموظفين" على تقييم أداء الشركات الخدماتية والصناعية المدرجة في بورصة فلسطين
    (جامعة القدس, 2021-12-06) زين الدين محمد علي الجرادات; Zain Addeen Mohammad Ali AL-Jaradat
    هدفت الدراسة إلى دراسة وفحص تأثير تطبيق معيار المحاسبة الدولي رقم (IAS 19) "منافع الموظفين" على الأداء المالي للشركات المدرجة في بورصة فلسطين، حيث طبقت الدراسة على مجتمع القطاع الخدماتي والصناعي والذي بلغ عدده (22) شركة، وتم اختيار عينة عشوائية بسيطة ليكون العدد النهائي لعينة الدراسة (15) شركة. وشملت الدراسة في متغيراتها على تقييم الأداء المالي والمتمثل في: القيمة الاقتصادية المضافة (EVA)، ومعدل العائد على الأصول (ROA)، ومعدل ربحية السهم الواحد (EPS)، إضافة إلى القيمة السوقية للسهم (MV) كمتغيرات تابعة، ومنافع الموظفين – المنافع قصيرة الأجل والمنافع طويلة الأجل استخدمت كمتغيرات مستقلة. وتم فحص فرضيات الدراسة للبيانات المالية المنشورة لخمسة عشرة شركة مساهمة عامة للمدة المقدرة بعشرة سنوات (2011-2020)، واعتمدت الدراسة طريقة السلاسل الزمنية المقطعية (Panel Data) كأسلوباً احصائياً. حيث كانت أهم النتائج الرئيسية لهذه الدراسة في: (1) وجود تأثير إيجابي لمنافع الموظفين "قصيرة وطويلة الأجل" مجتمعة على كل من القيمة الاقتصادية المضافة، ومعدل العائد على الأصول، ومعدل ربحية السهم الواحد، (2) وجود تأثير إيجابي على القيمة الاقتصادية المضافة لكل من منافع الموظفين طويلة وقصيرة الأجل كلاً على حدا، (3) لا يوجد تأثير للمنافع قصيرة الأجل على كل من معدل العائد على الأصول، ومعدل ربحية السهم على التوالي، (4) تؤثر المنافع طويلة الأجل ايجابياً على كل من معدل العائد على الأصول، ومعدل ربحية السهم، إضافة إلى ذلك، بينت النتائج عدم وجود أثر لمنافع الموظفين على سعر السهم السوقي. وبناءً على نتائج الدراسة أوصت الدراسة بمجموعة من التوصيات، أهمها: (1) ضرورة توسيع الالتزام بتطبيق المعيار الدولي في جميع جوانبه لما لذلك من تأثير إيجابي على الأداء المالي، (2) ضرورة إلزام الشركات على التصنيف الواضح والمباشر للمنافع والنفقات التي تخص الموظفين، (3) تبني خطط جديدة في تقديم المنافع للموظفين، وتوسيع قاعدة هذه المنافع قد يؤدي إلى رفع أداء الشركات مما يعود على الملاك والموظفين والمستثمرين بالفائدة.
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    وجهة نظر المرشدين الزراعيين في منظومة الارشاد الزراعي في مجال الثروة الحيوانية
    (AL-Quds University, 2006-09-13) أيمن تيسير محمد ياسين; Ayman Tyseer Mohammad Yaseen; جمال ابو عمر; د. عبد الحميد البرغوثي; د. عايد سلامة
    The objectives of this study were to investigate the view point of extension agents about the degree of achievement of fulfillment the objectives and tasks of extension by extension agents. Also to investigate the sheep and goats extension agents' viewpoint on several aspects related to extension such as performance of extension agents and problems facing the animal extension sector and the relation between extension agents and the other factors such as gender, education, residence, age, experience in service and training. As well-constructed questionnaire was employed in the study. All of extension agents in the field of sheep and goats were interviewed. The study showed the low performance of extension agents as low percent of them had previous training in the field. The study showed a strong relation between degree of achievements and extension agents performance. Similar relation was observed between the low performance of extension agents and the obstacles facing the extension sectors. Gender has no effect on performance of extension agents. Similar trend was observed in the relation between performance and ages, experience and previous training. Several recommendations were given by the study, among these; more research is needed in relation to improve performance of agricultural agents. The study showed that training should be made to fit needs for the extension agents. Number of extension agents in the field of sheep and goats should be maximized as possible.
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    العوامل المرتبطة بالسلوك الاتصالي الارشادي للزراع في محافظات جنوب غزة
    (AL-Quds University, 2005-04-26) محمد خليل سليمان موسى; Mohammed Khaleel Suleiman Mousa; حاتم الشنطي; د. ابراهيم حمد; د. يحيى زهران
    This research has mainly aimed at identifying the factors that connected with the communicative extension behavior for the farmers in the southern govern orates of Gaza Strip – Palestine. Generally, the research focuses on tow main objectives: 1- Recognizing the most important characteristics and traits of the farmers of in the southern governorates of Gaza strip.2- Studying the connecting relationships among the personal social, economic, communicative, psychological function of the farmers from one side, and their participation on the extension farming activities from the other side.This research includes five chapters. The first one is an introduction to the research problem, objectives and justifications. The second chapter presented the theoretical framework. It has discussed some proceeded studies that have a connection with the research. The third chapter presented the study methodology which includes the terms of the study, the study geographical and human domains, the study universe and sample, the study variables, data collection tools, as well as, the used statistical tools. The fourth chapter concerned with the research results and their discussion. Fin all the fifth chapter presented the study summary and recommendations. The research includes fifteen independent variables and the sequent one that is the dependent variable: communicative extension farming behavior for the farmer. The study was in conducted in Gaza Strip southern govern orates which are Rafah and Khan Younis. A complete random sample consists of 150 farmers representing 3.3% of the total farmers in the two govern orates based on the statistics of Ministry of Agriculture for the year 2003. Questionnaire was used for collecting the study data from the sample farmers by using personal interview techniques. The data collection was taken place from June to September 2003. Percentages, frequencies, Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Multiple and Partial Regression Analysis were used as statistical tools. The study has reached several important findings which can be summarized as follows: 1- The research results clarify that the farmers, ages are among (25–60) years. The arithmetic mean is 49, 9 years; the standard deviation is eleven years. 2- The results clarify the numbers of the farmers' family members are among (1–15) individuals. The arithmetic mean is eight individuals, the standard deviation is 4, 2 individuals. 3- The results clarify the sons of workers on farming are about (1–8) individuals.The arithmetic mean is 2, 3 individuals, the standard deviation is 1, 2 individuals. 4- The results clarify the educated sons of the farmers are about (0 – 15) individual. The standard deviation 2, 85 individuals, the arithmetic mean is 2, 9 individuals. 5- The research results clarify that the farmers have (1–7) acres, the arithmetic mean is 3, 3 acres, and standard deviation is 1, 9 acres. 6- The results clarify that the farmer have (0 – 8) animals. The standard deviation is 2, 4 animals, the arithmetic mean 2, 2 animals. 7- The results clarify that the farmers has (1-8) farming machines. The standard deviation is 1, 3 machines, the arithmetic mean is 2, 8 machines. 8- The results clarify that the net yearly income is (5 – 50) thousands shekels. The standard deviation is 1040 shekels; the arithmetic mean is 15140 shekels. 9- The results clarify that the farmers' attitudes towards the extension work is 9.34 degrees. The standard deviation is 5, 8 degrees. 10- The results clarify that the farmers' attitudes towards the farming work is 39.1 degrees. The standard deviation is 4.9 degrees. 11- The results clarify that the arithmetic average of the farmers' attitudes towards the other farmers is 30 degrees. The standard deviation is 3.3 degrees. 12- The results clarify that the number of the farmers' resources of the farming information which the farmers communicates with is about (1–5) resources. The standard deviation is 1.3 resources; the arithmetic mean is 3.8 resources. 13- The results clarify that the number of the farmers that apply the new farming practices are seventy three farmers, the percentage is 87, 9%, while as the farmers that not apply the new farming practices are ten farmers, the percentage is 12.1%
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    اعادة استخدام المياه العادمة المعالجة للاغراض الزراعية في منطقة رام الله بين المعيقات وسبل التعزيز
    (AL-Quds University, 2014-01-06) نبراس عبد الكريم حسين الريماوي; Nebras Abdelkareem Hussein Alremawi; جهاد عبادي; د. معتز قطب; د. عامر مرعي
    Abstract The scarcity of freshwater in most Palestinian regions is an escalating problem, particularly as the Palestinian populations continue to grow with constant enhancement of their living standards. Water claim is also accelerating due to industrial development and increasing demands of irrigated lands. One of the alternative solutions for water scarcity is the use of treated wastewater in agriculture, which simultaneously avoids the negative impact of wastewater disposal in the environment. The reuse of treated domestic wastewater in agriculture has recently expanded and forced some governments for its inclusion in their overall water budget. This research aims at studying the obstacles facing the wastewater reuse in agriculture in Ramallah agricultural areas from expertise and farmers point of view. The researcher chosen ten from a purposive list of expertise working in different governmental and nongovernmental institutions including universities for interviewing, and distributed a questionnaire on 295 farmer selected randomly from the farmers in Ramallah district.The research was conducted form January 2013 to January 2014. The data obtained from farmers was analyzed using SPSS and those obtained from interviewing the expertise using qualitative analysis. The researcher concluded that the farmers have a knowledge about the treated wastewater but don’t know how it is treated and the health and environmental restrictions about its reuse in agriculture. Farmers were found capable to accept the reuse of treated wastewater in their ح farms if there is a nearby source of treated wastewater. The main obstacles in the reuse of treated wastewater from the view of studied farmers were their weakness in environmental awareness and because they don’t trust the good quality of the treated wastewater. Farmers think that there is no or weak control and follow-up on the quality of treated wastewater from the official bodies. The researcher also concluded that the funding agencies aware to build wastewater treatment plants but they are not aware for the reuse of the treated wastewater in agriculture. The religious factor was the main obstacle facing the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture from the farmers point of view. The researcher recommend attending training programs to support the farmers acceptance to reuse treated wastewater in agriculture aiming at strengthen their awareness about the health, economic, and environmental impact of the reuse of treated wastewater, along with clarifying the good quality of treated wastewater to be used for certain trees and crops. It is recommended also to build a successful models for the reuse of treated wastewater to encourage farmers to follow these models in terms of lowering the production cost and obtaining good yield with low price. Among the recommendations are intensifying the control from the official bodies on the quality of effluent of wastewater treatment plants, and educate farmers about the religion opinion in terms of the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture. It is recommended also to provide the farmers in the western areas of Ramallah who don’t have a source of irrigation with zero-cost treated wastewater to encourage them to use treated wastewater as alternative to costly fresh water