الحماية الجنائبة للمياه من التلوث
Date
2024-05-20
Authors
محمد سعادة محمد زقوت
mohammad saada mohammad zaqout
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
نالت البيئة المائية اهتماماً كبيراً من قبل المشرع الجنائي البيئي والفقهاء الجنائيين، وخاصةً في الدول المتقدمة، واتفقت غالبية الدول على حماية البيئة المائية والبحرية من أفعال التلوث، وقد ترجمت هذه الآراء والاتفاقات بقوانين وأنظمة قانونية من شأنها أن تجرم التعديات على مصادر البيئة المائية، وبناءً عليه فقد تناولت هذه الدراسة التعريف بالبيئة المائية وافعال التلويث المائي، وخصوصية أركان جريمة تلويث البيئة المائية، وأوجه انعقاد المسؤولية الجزائية فيها، وأهم الجزاءات التي تفرض على مرتكبي هذه الجرائم ونطاق الحماية. وهذا ما تطلب من الباحث دراسة موضوع الحماية الجنائية للبيئة المائية من التلوث من خلال إتباع عدة مناهج بحثية، كان من أهمها المنهج الوصفي التحليلي القائم على تحليل أحكام النصوص القانونية الواردة في تشريعات وقوانين حماية البيئة فيما يخص حماية البيئة المائية والبحرية، بالاعتماد على الآراء الفقهية والقضائية، بغرض الوصول إلى تحقيق الأهداف المرجوة من هذه الدراسة.
وبالختام فقد توصلت هذه الدراسة إلى العديد من النتائج، كان من أهمها أن المشرع الفلسطيني في قانون البيئة قد تبنى أسلوب النصوص على بياض من خلال، وذلك بأن نص المشرع الفلسطيني على الإطار العام لجريمة التلوث المائي مع الجزاء المترتب عليها، والإحالة إلى الجهات الإدارية المختصة بشأن مهمة تحديد عناصر البنيان القانوني للجريمة وشروطها عن طريق إصدار التعليمات والأنظمة والقرارات واللوائح التنفيذية الخاصة بحماية البيئة. كذلك فقد اتجه التشريع الفلسطيني مثل معظم التشريعات الجنائية الحديثة نحو تغليب الجزاء المالي بخصوص جرائم تلويث البيئة بحيث يترتب على إيقاعها إنقاص الذمة المالية للمحكوم عليه بها للمصلحة العامة تحت ما يسمى بغرامة التلويث.
بالإضافة إلى ما سبق فقد أوصت هذه الدراسة بعدة توصيات، كان من أهمها أنه يتوجب على المشرع الفلسطيني مراجعة نصوص حماية البيئة المائية من التلويث على بياض، والتخفيف من استخدام أسلوب النصوص على بياض، خصوصاً في النصوص التي لا تحتاج إلى اللجوء إلى مثل هذا الأسلوب، أي النصوص المتعلقة بسلوكيات وأفعال واضحة ولا تحتاج إلى مختصين وفنيين لتحديد معايير معينة أو اعتبارات محددة. كذلك أوصت هذه الدراسة بضرورة تشديد عقوبة الحبس الواردة في نص المادة 58 من القرار بقانون رقم 14 لسنة 2014 بشأن المياه، مع جعل هذه العقوبة وجوبية في قانون البيئة، وذلك بهدف الوصول إلى ردع حقيقي يحمي المياه من جرائم التلوث الواقعة بحقها، سواء المياه العادية، أو المياه البحرية. وختاماً رأت هذه الدراسة ضرورة أن يأخذ المشرع الفلسطيني بعقوبة المصادرة في إطار قانون حماية البيئة بما يمثل فائدة كبرى خصوصاً في الجرائم الواقعة على المياه والبيئة المائية والبحرية، لأن هذه الجرائم غالباً ما تتم من خلال بعض المعدات والآلات والمواد التي تعتبر مصدر لتلويث البيئة البحرية، كالأجهزة الاشعاعية، والسفن النفطية وغيرها.
The aquatic environment has received great attention from the environmental criminal legislator and criminal jurists, especially in developed countries, and the majority of countries have agreed to protect the aquatic and marine environment from acts of pollution. These opinions and agreements have been translated into laws and legal regulations that would criminalize infringements on the sources of the aquatic environment, and accordingly. This study addressed the definition of the aquatic environment and acts of water pollution, the specifics of the elements of the crime of polluting the aquatic environment, the aspects of criminal liability therein, the most important penalties imposed on the perpetrators of these crimes and the scope of protection. This required the researcher to study the issue of criminal protection of the aquatic environment from pollution by following several research approaches, the most important of which was the descriptive analytical approach based on analyzing the provisions of the legal texts contained in environmental protection legislation and laws regarding the protection of the aquatic and marine environment, relying on jurisprudential and judicial opinions. In order to achieve the desired objectives of this study. In conclusion, this study reached many results, the most important of which was that the Palestinian legislator in environmental law adopted the method of blank texts by, in that the Palestinian legislator stipulated the general framework for the crime of water pollution with the penalty resulting from it, and referral to the competent administrative authorities regarding The task of determining the elements and conditions of the legal structure of the crime by issuing instructions, regulations, decisions and executive regulations for environmental protection. Likewise, Palestinian legislation, like most modern criminal legislation, has tended towards giving priority to the financial penalty for crimes of environmental pollution, so that their occurrence results in a reduction of the financial liability of the person convicted for it in the public interest under what is called the pollution fine. In addition to the above, this study recommended several recommendations, the most important of which was that the Palestinian legislator must review the texts protecting the aquatic environment from blank pollution, and reduce the use of the blank text method, especially in texts that do not need to resort to such a method. That is, texts related to clear behaviors and actions and do not require specialists and technicians to determine specific standards or specific considerations. This study also recommended the necessity of tightening the imprisonment penalty contained in Article 58 of Decree Law No. 14 of 2014 regarding water, while making this penalty mandatory in the Environmental Law, with the aim of achieving a real deterrent that protects water from pollution crimes committed against it, whether ordinary water, Or marine waters. In conclusion, this study considered it necessary for the Palestinian legislator to adopt the penalty of confiscation within the framework of the Environmental Protection Law, which represents a major benefit, especially in crimes committed against water and the aquatic and marine environment, because these crimes are often committed through some equipment, machines, and materials that are considered a source of pollution to the marine environment, such as devices. Radiation, oil ships, etc.
The aquatic environment has received great attention from the environmental criminal legislator and criminal jurists, especially in developed countries, and the majority of countries have agreed to protect the aquatic and marine environment from acts of pollution. These opinions and agreements have been translated into laws and legal regulations that would criminalize infringements on the sources of the aquatic environment, and accordingly. This study addressed the definition of the aquatic environment and acts of water pollution, the specifics of the elements of the crime of polluting the aquatic environment, the aspects of criminal liability therein, the most important penalties imposed on the perpetrators of these crimes and the scope of protection. This required the researcher to study the issue of criminal protection of the aquatic environment from pollution by following several research approaches, the most important of which was the descriptive analytical approach based on analyzing the provisions of the legal texts contained in environmental protection legislation and laws regarding the protection of the aquatic and marine environment, relying on jurisprudential and judicial opinions. In order to achieve the desired objectives of this study. In conclusion, this study reached many results, the most important of which was that the Palestinian legislator in environmental law adopted the method of blank texts by, in that the Palestinian legislator stipulated the general framework for the crime of water pollution with the penalty resulting from it, and referral to the competent administrative authorities regarding The task of determining the elements and conditions of the legal structure of the crime by issuing instructions, regulations, decisions and executive regulations for environmental protection. Likewise, Palestinian legislation, like most modern criminal legislation, has tended towards giving priority to the financial penalty for crimes of environmental pollution, so that their occurrence results in a reduction of the financial liability of the person convicted for it in the public interest under what is called the pollution fine. In addition to the above, this study recommended several recommendations, the most important of which was that the Palestinian legislator must review the texts protecting the aquatic environment from blank pollution, and reduce the use of the blank text method, especially in texts that do not need to resort to such a method. That is, texts related to clear behaviors and actions and do not require specialists and technicians to determine specific standards or specific considerations. This study also recommended the necessity of tightening the imprisonment penalty contained in Article 58 of Decree Law No. 14 of 2014 regarding water, while making this penalty mandatory in the Environmental Law, with the aim of achieving a real deterrent that protects water from pollution crimes committed against it, whether ordinary water, Or marine waters. In conclusion, this study considered it necessary for the Palestinian legislator to adopt the penalty of confiscation within the framework of the Environmental Protection Law, which represents a major benefit, especially in crimes committed against water and the aquatic and marine environment, because these crimes are often committed through some equipment, machines, and materials that are considered a source of pollution to the marine environment, such as devices. Radiation, oil ships, etc.
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Citation
زقوت، محمد سعادة. (2024). الحماية الجنائبة للمياه من التلوث [رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة]. جامعة القدس.