الاعفاء من المسؤوولية العقدية في العقود المصرفية
Date
2024-12-22
Authors
اصالة منير جمعة الزواهرة
asala moneer jumaa alzawahrah
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
تناولت هذه الدراسة الإعفاء من المسؤولية العقدية المصرفية حيث تم بدايةً دراسة ماهية المسؤولية العقدية للمصرف؛ من حيث تعريف المسؤولية العقدية المصرفية وشروط انعقادها، وأركانها، ومن ثم تم البحث في شرط الإعفاء من المسؤولية العقدية المصرفية، من حيث مفهوم شرط الإعفاء من المسؤولية العقدية للمصرف وصوره، ومدى جواز شرط الاعفاء من المسؤولية العقدية المصرفية، وقيود الإعفاء من المسؤولية العقدية المصرفية والآثار المترتبة على صحة الشرط.
يلاحظ أن القانون الفلسطيني لم يعالج شروط الإعفاء من المسؤولية العقدية للمصرف، وفي ظل هذا القصور التشريعي ستحاول هذه الرسالة اللجوء إلى الأحكام العامة في القانون المدني المتمثلة بمجلة الأحكام العدلية وتحليلها للوصول إلى جواز أو عدم جواز مثل هذه الشروط والقيود الواردة عليها.
ومن خلال البحث وتحليل القواعد العامة في القانون المدني لاحظنا أن المسؤولية العقدية للمصرف تقوم بقيام عقد صحيح مستوفيا لجميع أركانه من رضا ومحل وسبب، وأن المسؤولية العقدية تقوم بتوافر أركانها الثلاثة وهي: الخطأ والضرر، وعلاقة السببية، وأن توافر أركانها يؤدي إلى انعقادها وبالتالي ترتيب حكمها وهو التعويض فإذا انتفى ركن من أركان المسؤولية سقطت المسؤولية وبالتالي سقط الحق في التعويض، كما توصلت الباحثة إلى إجازة شروط الاعفاء من المسؤولية العقدية المصرفية لعدم تعلقها بالنظام العام والآداب، بشرط أن لا يكون هناك غش أو خطأ جسيم صادر عن المصرف علما أن القواعد العامة لم تحدد معيار للتفرقة بين الغش والخطأ الجسيم ،كما يشترط وأن لا تكون مخالفة للنظام العام والآداب العامة، وأن لا تكون تعسفية أو مخالفة لمقتضى العقد، وبتوافر هذه الشروط يترتب شرط الإعفاء أثره القانوني الكامل، فيعفى المصرف من المسؤولية عن إخلاله بالتزامه التعاقدي، فلا يلتزم بتعويض العميل عن الضرر الناتج عن إخلاله، وعليه فإن القواعد العامة لم تتطرق إلى معيار التفرقة بين الغش والخطأ الجسيم كما لم تتطرق إلى مسألة الإعفاء من المسؤولية العقدية عن الأخطاء الصادرة بناء على غش أو خطأ جسيم صادر من الغير.
وعليه لا بد من إيجاد تنظيم قانوني متخصص في مجال المسؤولية المدنية في العقود المصرفية يتضمن نصوصا مباشرة تجيز الإعفاء من المسؤولية العقدية المصرفية بشرط تقييدها في حالتي الغش والخطأ الجسيم الصادران المصرف، وأن لا تجيز الاتفاق على شروط الإعفاء من المسؤولية عن الغش والخطأ الجسيم الصادرة عن التابعين لكون خطأ التابع يعتبر كأنه صادر من المصرف ذاته إضافة إلى أن السماح بالإعفاء من المسؤولية عن الغش والخطأ الجسيم الصادر من الغير يعطي المجال للمصرف أن يتهرب من المسؤولية عن طريق إساءة اختيار الغير مستندا إلى عدم مسؤوليته، ويقوم بذات الوقت بمحاولة إيجاد معيار تقريبي، للتفرقة بين الخطأ اليسير والخطأ الجسيم.
This study dealt with exemption from banking contractual liability, where the nature of the bank’s contractual liability was initially studied, in terms of the concept of banking contractual liability, its conditions, and its relationship to the terms of exemption from responsibility, and then the pillars of the bank’s contractual liability were studied, and then the condition completely exempted from banking contractual liability was investigated. In terms of the nature of the condition that completely exempts the bank from contractual responsibility and the extent of the permissibility or impermissibility of the condition of exemption from banking contractual responsibility, and then studying the restrictions that restrict the condition and its implications. It is noted that the Palestinian law did not address the conditions for exemption from the bank’s contractual liability, and in light of this legislative deficiency, this thesis will attempt to resort to the general provisions in the civil law and analyze them to arrive at the permissibility or impermissibility of such conditions and the restrictions contained therein. Through research and analysis of the general rules in civil law, the researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which are: that the contractual responsibility of the bank is based on the establishment of a valid contract between the bank and the customer, such that the banking contract was concluded in a way that does not entail its invalidity, so the contract must fulfill all of its elements, including satisfaction and subject matter. And reason, and that contractual liability is based on the availability of its three pillars, which are: error, which is represented by the bank’s breach of its contractual obligation, the damage that befalls the customer, and the causal relationship between the bank’s mistake and the damage caused to the customer, and that the availability of the pillars of contractual liability leads to its being held and its ruling is arranged, and its ruling is compensation, and if one of the elements is absent. Elements of responsibility: Responsibility is forfeited, right to compensation is forfeited, Approval of agreements to exempt from banking contractual liability as they are not related to public order and morals, provided that there is no fraud or serious error issued by the bank and other conditions that will be discussed in detail in the body of the study. Based on what has been studied, this study recommends the creation of a specialized legal regulation in the field of civil liability in banking contracts, due to the important role that the bank has played in contemporary life, and to include direct texts through which it is permissible to be exempt from banking contractual liability on the condition that it be restricted in cases of fraud and serious error issued. The bank, and does not permit agreement on conditions for exemption from liability for fraud and serious error issued by affiliates.
This study dealt with exemption from banking contractual liability, where the nature of the bank’s contractual liability was initially studied, in terms of the concept of banking contractual liability, its conditions, and its relationship to the terms of exemption from responsibility, and then the pillars of the bank’s contractual liability were studied, and then the condition completely exempted from banking contractual liability was investigated. In terms of the nature of the condition that completely exempts the bank from contractual responsibility and the extent of the permissibility or impermissibility of the condition of exemption from banking contractual responsibility, and then studying the restrictions that restrict the condition and its implications. It is noted that the Palestinian law did not address the conditions for exemption from the bank’s contractual liability, and in light of this legislative deficiency, this thesis will attempt to resort to the general provisions in the civil law and analyze them to arrive at the permissibility or impermissibility of such conditions and the restrictions contained therein. Through research and analysis of the general rules in civil law, the researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which are: that the contractual responsibility of the bank is based on the establishment of a valid contract between the bank and the customer, such that the banking contract was concluded in a way that does not entail its invalidity, so the contract must fulfill all of its elements, including satisfaction and subject matter. And reason, and that contractual liability is based on the availability of its three pillars, which are: error, which is represented by the bank’s breach of its contractual obligation, the damage that befalls the customer, and the causal relationship between the bank’s mistake and the damage caused to the customer, and that the availability of the pillars of contractual liability leads to its being held and its ruling is arranged, and its ruling is compensation, and if one of the elements is absent. Elements of responsibility: Responsibility is forfeited, right to compensation is forfeited, Approval of agreements to exempt from banking contractual liability as they are not related to public order and morals, provided that there is no fraud or serious error issued by the bank and other conditions that will be discussed in detail in the body of the study. Based on what has been studied, this study recommends the creation of a specialized legal regulation in the field of civil liability in banking contracts, due to the important role that the bank has played in contemporary life, and to include direct texts through which it is permissible to be exempt from banking contractual liability on the condition that it be restricted in cases of fraud and serious error issued. The bank, and does not permit agreement on conditions for exemption from liability for fraud and serious error issued by affiliates.
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Citation
الزواهرة، اصالة منير. (2024). الاعفاء من المسؤوولية العقدية في العقود المصرفية [رسالة ماجستير منشورة، جامعة القدس، فلسطين]. المستودع الرقمي لجامعة القدس.