التخطيط المثمن لقبة الصخرة المشرفة: بين التأثر بمن سبقها وتأثيرها على غيرها من العمائر دراسة تاريخية وصفية تحليلية (300 – 1500م)
Date
2023-05-28
Authors
هبة وضاح أمين الفتاش
Heba Waddah Ameen Alfatash
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
تشكل قبة الصخرة المشرفة مدرسة فنية شاملة، اتضحت من خلالها ملامح الفن الإسلامي من زخارف ونقوش وعمارة، وإن ارتكاز الفن الإسلامي على فلسفة موحدة في جميع فروعه، ساهم في تعزيز وحدة الأصل في الفن الإسلامي، ما يعني أن استخدام رمز أو عنصر معين في سياق الفن الإسلامي، هو خاضع لفكر يمكن تحليله في ضوء الخلفية الفلسفية للفن الاسلامي ، وعليه فإن موضوع البحث يختص بالتخطيط المثمن لقبة الصخرة، وبحث أصولة وأسباب استخدامه في مبنى قبة الصخرة في هذا السياق، ولذا كان لا بد من دراسة الأبنية المثمنة التي تنحصر بحدود البحث الزمانية (300-1500 م\ 905ه) في فلسطين وأوروبا بالأخص في إيطاليا، بهدف بحث المظاهر المعمارية المشتركة بين الحضارة العربية الإسلامية من جهة، وما بين الحضارة البيزنطية والافرنجية من جهة أخرى، لفهم الخلفية الثقافية والدينية لهما، التي غالبا ما تسيطر على شكل واتجاه النمو المعماري والحضاري، وتشكل المحرك الأساسي لتشكيل ملامح الطراز المعماري لأي حضارة.
تم التطرق لأهمية ومكانة القدس عند الأمويين، لتفسير دوافع بناء قبة الصخرة، إضافة لبحث أهمية قبة الصخرة ومكانتها، والقيم المتنوعة فيها، وتم التطرق الى رمزية المثمن في العمارة وأسباب استخدامه، وكانت تلك القراءة أكثر سلاسة فيما يخص الحضارة الإسلامية، نظرا لشيوع وحدة الأصل في الفلسفة الفكرية للفن الإسلامي، ذلك ان ما يخص الحضارة الأوروبية لم يكن تحليل رمزية المثمن يسيرا نظرا لتعدد استخداماته على مر العصور.
واستنادا إلى المسح المعماري الذي قامت به الباحثة، حاولت اجراء مقارنة بين أبزر أوجه الشبه والاختلاف بين تخطيط مثمن قبة الصخرة وغيره من المخططات المثمنة، مع التعريج على نظريات تفسير بناء قبة الصخرة السبع، وفي القسم الأخير من الرسالة، تم بحث مكانة القدس عند الديانة المسيحية، لتوضيح مبررات تأثير قبة الصخرة عليها، والآلية التي تم من خلالها هذا التأثير سواء على العمارة او على فن التصوير الإيطالي، فوجد أن السياسة والدين ساهما جنبا لجنب في تكوين صورة قبة الصخرة لدي الفنانين الإيطاليين، إضافة لوصف الحجاج المسيحيين لبيت المقدس وقبة الصخرة.
و لم يغفل البحث بيان مدى تأثر قبة الصخرة المشرفة بما سبق من بعض من مبان الحضارات من نواحي شكلية تتعلق ببعض التشكليات الزخرفية الأولية داخل القبة، ومن مظاهر تخطيطية، واهتم بتوضيح إلى أي مدى تميزت القبة عن غيرها من الحضارات السابقة، خاصة فيما يتعلق بأصول البناء هل شامية عربية شرقية نشأت في سوريا وفي أقاليم الامبراطورية البيزنطية ككنيسة الكاثيسما Kathesma أم هي من وافدة من خارج سوريا. ولمعرفة ادق بتفاصيل عناوين البحث يمكن الأستئناس بفهرس المحتويات.
The Dome of the Rock represented a comprehensive artistic direction through it, the features of Islamic art, including decorations, inscriptions, and architecture, became clear. It is worth noting that Islamic art is based on a unified philosophy in all its branches, which contributed to strengthening the unity of origin in Islamic art, This means that the use of a specific symbol or element in the context of Islamic art is subject to a specific thought that can be analyzed in the light of the Islamic philosophical background. Therefore, the topic of research is concerned with the octagonal shape of the Dome of the Rock, and an examination of the origins and reasons for its use in the Dome of the Rock building in this context. In order to reach more accurate results in the midst of this, the importance and status of Jerusalem among the Umayyads was addressed, to explain the motives for building the Dome of the Rock, in addition to examining the importance of the Dome of the Rock and its position, and the various values in it. Later, the researcher began to search for the symbolism of the octagon in architecture and the reasons for its use. As for the European civilization, the analysis of the symbolism of the octagon was not easy due to its multiplicity of uses throughout the ages, and after the architectural survey carried out by the researcher, The study reached a general comparison between the most prominent aspects of similarities and differences between the octagon of the Dome of the Rock and others, in addition to studying the seven theories of interpretation of the construction of Dome of the Rock, within the aforementioned context, by intersting the philosophy of Islamic Art thought, which was neglected by most of those theories except for the theory of Ratrout. The researcher used the aforementioned descriptive historical method, in addition to the analytical method, to trace the ways of transmission of that influence to Europe, to see whether it was transmitted through visual memory or inherited architectural practice, and according to what the researcher concluded, these two parts contributed to this influence in parallel. In the last part of the thesis, the status of Jerusalem in the Christian religion was discussed, to find justifications for the influence of the Dome of the Rock on it, and the method that this influence took place, whether on architecture or on Italian artists, and it was found that politics and religion contributed side by side in forming the image of the Dome of the Rock for Italian artists, in addition to describing Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock. Thus, it can be said that the Dome of the Rock was influenced by the previous civilizations in terms of formality and some primary decorative forms inside the dome, but it was special in terms of planning and in terms of architectural philosophy. As a result of the study, it can be said that the octagonal building is of Oriental origins, originated in the Holy Land across Syria, and for more deep understanding you can take a look at the index .
The Dome of the Rock represented a comprehensive artistic direction through it, the features of Islamic art, including decorations, inscriptions, and architecture, became clear. It is worth noting that Islamic art is based on a unified philosophy in all its branches, which contributed to strengthening the unity of origin in Islamic art, This means that the use of a specific symbol or element in the context of Islamic art is subject to a specific thought that can be analyzed in the light of the Islamic philosophical background. Therefore, the topic of research is concerned with the octagonal shape of the Dome of the Rock, and an examination of the origins and reasons for its use in the Dome of the Rock building in this context. In order to reach more accurate results in the midst of this, the importance and status of Jerusalem among the Umayyads was addressed, to explain the motives for building the Dome of the Rock, in addition to examining the importance of the Dome of the Rock and its position, and the various values in it. Later, the researcher began to search for the symbolism of the octagon in architecture and the reasons for its use. As for the European civilization, the analysis of the symbolism of the octagon was not easy due to its multiplicity of uses throughout the ages, and after the architectural survey carried out by the researcher, The study reached a general comparison between the most prominent aspects of similarities and differences between the octagon of the Dome of the Rock and others, in addition to studying the seven theories of interpretation of the construction of Dome of the Rock, within the aforementioned context, by intersting the philosophy of Islamic Art thought, which was neglected by most of those theories except for the theory of Ratrout. The researcher used the aforementioned descriptive historical method, in addition to the analytical method, to trace the ways of transmission of that influence to Europe, to see whether it was transmitted through visual memory or inherited architectural practice, and according to what the researcher concluded, these two parts contributed to this influence in parallel. In the last part of the thesis, the status of Jerusalem in the Christian religion was discussed, to find justifications for the influence of the Dome of the Rock on it, and the method that this influence took place, whether on architecture or on Italian artists, and it was found that politics and religion contributed side by side in forming the image of the Dome of the Rock for Italian artists, in addition to describing Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock. Thus, it can be said that the Dome of the Rock was influenced by the previous civilizations in terms of formality and some primary decorative forms inside the dome, but it was special in terms of planning and in terms of architectural philosophy. As a result of the study, it can be said that the octagonal building is of Oriental origins, originated in the Holy Land across Syria, and for more deep understanding you can take a look at the index .