القضاء في بيت المقدس في العهد العثماني
Date
2025-05-04
Authors
ابتهال نادر موسى علاء الدين
Ibtehal Nader Mousa Alaadin
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
استمر حكم العثمانيين لبيت المقدس قرابة الأربعة قرون، وهي فترة طويلة، مليئة بالإنجازات على جميع الأصعدة، وقد أبرزت الدراسة إنجازاتهم الدينية للمدينة بالعمران والأبنية، وإنشاء المدارس والمساجد والتكايا والأوقاف والمكتبات وغيرها كثير، كما وبينت المكانة التاريخية لها.
وقد أولت الدولة العثمانية القدس أهمية بالغة، وقد كان القضاء من معالم هذا الاهتمام، فقد أصبح للقضاة في العهد العثماني مكانة عالية مهمة، فقد أنشأ العثمانيون جهازًا قضائيًا متكاملًا، وقد بينت الباحثة عناصر الجهاز القضائي بالتفصيل، والهيكلية العامة للمحاكم الشرعية في بيت المقدس في تلك الفترة، والمذهب الرسمي المعتمد لديهم، وصلاحيات القاضي أيضًا، ثم طرأت على الدولة أحداث غيرت مسار القضاء، والنظام الإداري للقضاء، وذلك بحدوث عدة أمور، منها: تولية محمد علي باشا، فقد قارنت الباحثة بين القضاء قبل حكم محمد علي باشا، وما بعده، فقد مرت الدولة العثمانية بضعف شديد، فتغير نظام القضاء، وانتشر الظلم والفساد، وتغير القضاة أيضًا، فقد كان بعضهم يقبل الرشاوي، كما وتغير نظام تعيين القضاة، فلم يعد يُلتزم بالشروط المفروضة سابقًا، بل تولت الحكومة المصرية تعيينهم، وقد حُددت صلاحيات القاضي، فلم يعد يبحث في جميع أنواع القضايا، بل اختصت المحكمة الشرعية بقضايا الأحوال الشخصية، والميراث والقضايا التجارية فقط، وقد تم إنشاء مجالس شورى، ومن أهم ما حدث أيضًا نشوء الامتيازات الأجنبية والتساهل فيها؛ الأمر الذي أدى إلى التغلغل الأوروبي، ودخول اليهود إلى فلسطين.
ومن أبرز الأحداث التي طرأت أيضًا دخول التغييرات في الإدارة القضائية في فترة التنظيمات (1840-1874م)، وخلال تلك الفترة دخلت الأنظمة الوضعية الأوروبية للمحاكم الشرعية، والتي كان في بعضها مخالفات للشريعة الإسلامية تم بيانها، فحصلت الازدواجية في القضاء، وقد تم استحداث الكثير من المواد والقوانين تم بيانها وتفصيلها، في مجال التشكيلات والأجهزة العدلية، وفي المجال التشريعي.
ومن أهم ما تم إصداره أيضًا في تلك الفترة هو مجلة الأحكام العدلية، التي قننت الأحكام وحررتها وبوبتها عام 1869م، وقانون حقوق العائلة العثماني الذي صدر أواخر العهد العثماني، والذي قنن الأحوال الشخصية في الدولة العثمانية، وغيرها من الحقوق والقوانين.
The Ottoman rule over Jerusalem lasted for nearly four centuries; an extended and eventful era marked by accomplishments across various fields. This study highlights the Ottomans’ contributions to the city’s religious and architectural landscape, including the construction of schools, mosques, lodges, charitable endowments, libraries, and many other institutions. It also sheds light on Jerusalem's historical significance. The Ottomans attributed great significance to Jerusalem. This importance was manifested through the judicial system, where judges played a prominent and influential role during this period, as the Ottomans established a comprehensive judicial framework. The researcher provides a detailed overview of this judicial system, outlining the structure of the Sharia courts in Jerusalem at the time, the official legal doctrine, and the powers of judicial authority. However, several developments later reshaped the judicial landscape and the administrative structure of the legal system. Among these was the rise of Muhammad Ali Pasha, whose rule marked a turning point. The researcher compares the judicial system before and after his tenure. During this period, the Ottoman Empire suffered profound weakness, leading to noticeable changes: judicial practices deteriorated, corruption became widespread, some judges accepted bribery, and the standards for appointing judges were no longer upheld. Judges began to be appointed by the Egyptian government, many of whom no longer met the previously established qualifications. Their jurisdiction was also limited; Sharia courts were restricted to handling personal status issues, inheritance, and commercial disputes only. In addition, consultative (Al-Shura) councils were established. Another critical development was the rise of foreign privileges and the leniency shown in granting them, which opened the door to growing European influence and paved the way for Jewish immigration into Palestine. One of the most significant phases of reform came during the Tanzimat period, or the "Reordering period" (1840–1874), which brought major changes to judicial administration. During this era, European secular civil codes were incorporated into the Sharia courts—some of which conflicted with Islamic law, a point that the study discusses in depth. This led to a dual legal system. Numerous new laws and regulations were introduced during this time, especially concerning judicial organization and legislation. Among the most important legal reforms was the issuance of the Majalla (The Ottoman Civil Code) in 1869, which systematically codified and categorized Islamic legal rulings. Another milestone was the Ottoman Law of Family Rights, enacted toward the end of Ottoman rule, which codified personal status laws in the Empire, alongside other rights and regulations.
The Ottoman rule over Jerusalem lasted for nearly four centuries; an extended and eventful era marked by accomplishments across various fields. This study highlights the Ottomans’ contributions to the city’s religious and architectural landscape, including the construction of schools, mosques, lodges, charitable endowments, libraries, and many other institutions. It also sheds light on Jerusalem's historical significance. The Ottomans attributed great significance to Jerusalem. This importance was manifested through the judicial system, where judges played a prominent and influential role during this period, as the Ottomans established a comprehensive judicial framework. The researcher provides a detailed overview of this judicial system, outlining the structure of the Sharia courts in Jerusalem at the time, the official legal doctrine, and the powers of judicial authority. However, several developments later reshaped the judicial landscape and the administrative structure of the legal system. Among these was the rise of Muhammad Ali Pasha, whose rule marked a turning point. The researcher compares the judicial system before and after his tenure. During this period, the Ottoman Empire suffered profound weakness, leading to noticeable changes: judicial practices deteriorated, corruption became widespread, some judges accepted bribery, and the standards for appointing judges were no longer upheld. Judges began to be appointed by the Egyptian government, many of whom no longer met the previously established qualifications. Their jurisdiction was also limited; Sharia courts were restricted to handling personal status issues, inheritance, and commercial disputes only. In addition, consultative (Al-Shura) councils were established. Another critical development was the rise of foreign privileges and the leniency shown in granting them, which opened the door to growing European influence and paved the way for Jewish immigration into Palestine. One of the most significant phases of reform came during the Tanzimat period, or the "Reordering period" (1840–1874), which brought major changes to judicial administration. During this era, European secular civil codes were incorporated into the Sharia courts—some of which conflicted with Islamic law, a point that the study discusses in depth. This led to a dual legal system. Numerous new laws and regulations were introduced during this time, especially concerning judicial organization and legislation. Among the most important legal reforms was the issuance of the Majalla (The Ottoman Civil Code) in 1869, which systematically codified and categorized Islamic legal rulings. Another milestone was the Ottoman Law of Family Rights, enacted toward the end of Ottoman rule, which codified personal status laws in the Empire, alongside other rights and regulations.
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Citation
علاء الدين، ابتهال نادر. (2025). القضاء في بيت المقدس في العهد العثماني [رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة]. جامعة القدس.