Environmental Studies الدراسات البيئية

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Application of Combined Integrated Pretreatment Rotating Biological Contactor Followed by Planted Soil Filter for Domestic Wastewater Treatment
(AL-Quds University, 2007-10-05) عبد الله عدنان شريف أبو كشك; Abdallah Adnan Shareef Abu Kishk; عامر مرعي; Oliver Bederski; لا يوجد
Depletion of water resources including deterioration of water quality in Palestine is a very important environmental theme that requires direct and urgent measures. Average per capita water use is among the lowest in the world (60L/C/D) and the average cost of making water available to the public is among the highest (20 NIS/CM). Moreover, groundwater resources are rapidly deteriorated for different reasons; one is due to the infiltration of untreated wastewater that influencing directly the quality and availability of this scarce and essential resource. Moreover, lack of wastewater management has a direct impact on problems related to public health, marine and coastal pollution in Gaza, deterioration of nature and biodiversity as well as landscape and aesthetic distortion. In spite of the fact that Israel prevent the construction of wastewater treatment facilities it still imposes penalties on the Palestinian Water Authority accusing Palestinians of deteriorating the environment. Due to water scarcity and high population growth in Palestine 3.75 %, water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource and planners are forced to consider any sources of water which might be used economically and effectively to promote further development. In this study, the feasibility of using partially submerged rotating contact reactor followed by horizontal subsurface flow soil filter constructed wetland for the treatment of domestic raw wastewater in the study site Langenreichenbach (Saxony), and the feasibility to transfer the technique to Palestine was investigated. The performance of a rotating biological contactor (RBC) followed by horizontal soil filter (HSF) due to high strength raw wastewater treatment application in the treatment pilot plant Langenreichenbach was the subject of this study. The selection of rotating biological contactor (RBC) to pre- treat the influent of horizontal soil filter constructed wetland (HSF), was due to its proved efficiency of high COD and nitrification removal, while using the HSF as demonstrated tertiary treatment for hygienic removal. In addition, taking in consideration the cost effective of such combination system appealed for developing countries. Effects of major process variables such as COD concentration and loading rate, ammonia concentration and loading rate in addition to constant feeding wastewater flow rate on the rate of COD removal, nitrification and nutrients removal efficiency were investigated. The reduction of parasitical load was also investigated. The system was operated under three different condition phases (Initial, Phase1 and Phase 2), where the third operation (Phase2) was the targeted phase with 109 L/h feeding rate. HSF was put into operation on 23/6/2006 and the mode at this was continues flow with loading rate (60 L/m².d = 14 L/h). HSF adapted to work under phase2 operation conditions where average SS concentration inflow into HSF was at the lowest level during this operation phase. The results obtained reflected the high purification level achieved within such combination system that the final effluent met the German and Palestinian (Class A) standard for reuse treated wastewater in irrigation purposes. Recommendations drawn from the results, presented that composite sample must take place to present the raw wastewater influent. However, raw wastewater must be properly pretreated to eliminate the SS and to avoid the excessive sludge at the RBC effluent, as iv well as proper and well designed ST must take place after RBC system to eliminate SS to allowable concentration for HSF influent.
Assessing Ecosystem Responses to Land-Use Changes by Soil Quality Index
(AL-Quds University, 2018-07-14) اسراء سليمان عبدالله العصا; Israa Sulieman Abdullah Alassa; جواد شقير; Mohannad Qurie; Issa Baradieh
The change in land use from natural land regarding land used by humans in various areas is critical to the global ecosystem, which in turn affects soil conditions. In order to improve our understanding of land use, our study focuses on soil health assessment and it depends on long-term environmental research area near Wadi Nar in Al-Ubeidiya to assess the ecosystem response to land use, including tillage practice. The aim of this study is to evaluate of the effects of tillage on soil health for each system (natural, pastoral A, pastoral B) by using soil quality index. Three systems are studied: natural (no tillage), tillage with the removal of plants (pastoral A) and tillage without the removal of plants (pastoral B). In order to assess soil health, the chemical, biological and physical parameters of the soil must be analyzed. During our study, soil quality is assessed using the method of registration in each index using the SQI soil quality index, which determines the level of soil degradation, by collecting data on selected chemical, physical and biological indicators for each soil. Numerous statistical calculations were performed, including the PCA analysis, which shows the correlation between transactions in all systems at a given depth. Soil health assessment was used in detail for each laboratory of chemical, physical and biological indicators based on Cornell's book. The result of soil quality index for natural land is 16, where a number of indicators have been adopted to determine the quality of the soil. The pastoral system A achieves 15.4 while pastoral B has the highest value of 16.3. The result shows that according to the soil quality index, management types including tillage and plant retention, can improve soil quality. The higher the values are, the better the soil quality is. The best soil quality index in our study is 39 and the lowest value is 10 based on the equation used to calculate the soil quality index.
Assessment of Environmental Electromagnetic Radiation from Mobile Telephone Base Station Towers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
(AL-Quds University, 2006-01-07) جهاد ناجي عبدالله ابوالكباش; Jehad Naji Abdallah Abu Alkbash; عدنان اللحام; موسى أبو طير; عدنان عبد الباقي
“Assessment of Radiation Protection Awareness, Policies and Practices among Palestinian Radiographers in Governmental Hospitals-Palestine
(AL-Quds University, 2018-05-19) محمد سعيد محمد حسان; Mohammad Saeed Mohammad Hassan; عدنان اللحام; Mohammad Hjouj; Mohammad Jamal
Assessment of Radon Concentration in Dwellings in East Jerusalem,Hebron and Jericho
(AL-Quds University, 2010-12-18) امال صبحي سليم شاور; Amal Subhi salim Shawar; عامر مرعي; Dr.Adnan Lahham; Dr. khalil Dabayneh
Assessment of Sediment Transport along Wadi Al-Gar
(AL-Quds University, 2019-05-05) سلام طلال عبد الفتاح دودين; salam talal abd alfatah dodeen; جواد شقير; عامر مرعي; مروان غاتم
Assessment of Vulnerability and Risk Mapping at Marsaba -Feshcha Catchment
(Al-Quds University, 2016-05-05) Mayy Mowaffaq Rahhal; مي موفق رحال
Assessment of Vulnerability and Risk Mapping at Marsaba -Feshcha Catchment
(AL-Quds University, 2016-05-05) مي موفق محمد رحال; Mayy Mowaffaq Mohammad Rahhal; جواد شقير; عامر مرعي; صبحي سمعان
Azolla Cultivation On Several Types Of Water Using Several Cheap Natural Fertilizers That Are Locally Available In Palestine
(Al-Quds University, 2022-05-28) Raid Hassan Mohammed Amro; رائد حسن محمد عمرو
The Azolla plant is one of the most important and famous plants that is worldwide cultivated for the production of animal feed. This is due to its cheap cost, rapid growth, and rich protein content, which ranges between (20-30)% of its dry weight. Also for its ease of cultivation, besides being environmentally friendly green fodder. Studies and scientific research dealing with this plant and its economic and agricultural importance to Palestinian farmers are so important in order to introduce Azolla cultivation in the West bank and Gaza strip. The plant is not yet known or widespread in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Hence, it is necessary to conduct an objective scientific study on the ground that confirms and proves the possibility of cultivating this plant in the Palestinian environment using local organic fertilizers and on different types of water. Therefore, we planted several basins of Azolla plant in different environments in terms of temperature, light intensity, type of organic fertilizer and the amount of water used and compared with each other, to study the possibility of cultivating the plant in the Palestinian environment and to identify the most prominent environmental factors that affect its cultivation. This is the first and only study that investigates the possibility of cultivating Azolla in Palestine based on scientific investigations. As it turned out that it is possible to grow the Azolla plant in Palestine with ease and outside the greenhouse for most months of the year, as well as inside it in all months and seasons. It was found that growth rates was higher during the summer by almost half. Also, the Azolla plant can be grown organically using natural organic fertilizers without using any chemical fertilizers. Vermicompost is the best ever among all the other organic fertilizers that can be used. This type of fertilizer does not need agricultural soil when used, unlike the rest of the organic fertilizers, which turned out to be unreliable alone for cultivation of the Azolla plant. Agricultural soil must be added with a height of 3 cm at least inside each basin when using these organic fertilizers. Azolla plant can be grown on many types of water, such as the water from fish farming ponds and the treated waste water secondary or tertiary treatment. The water of fish farming ponds was found the best among these types for cultivation Azolla. Azolla plant can be grown in a healthy manner at varying heights of water Ranging on average from 3 cm and above (it can be planted even in less than this xiv depth). The preferable basins depth during summer was found to be more than 20 cm. This depth was found better for control the temperature of water in the basin and climatic fluctuations between night and day. Within the Azolla basin (3-5) cm, experiments also showed that the Azolla plant multiplies in the Palestinian environment from (6-10) times within one month, i.e. an average of once every 4 days on average. The production per square meter of fresh green Azolla (within 4 days) and after drying in the shade for 5 hours ranged between 800 - 1000 gm. of fresh green Azolla, meaning that the monthly average production of a square meter of Azolla plant is equivalent to 6-7 kg/month. Therefore, the average biomass resulting from an area of one dunum during one month is approximately 6 tons. The results also showed that the growth rate of the Azolla plant is close to the growth rate of the water lentil plant with a relative superiority in favor of the water lentil plant. It was also noted that the environment of the cultivated Azolla ponds could be improved by some additions. As an example for the fish water by adding agricultural soil, and daily stirring once or twice. Daily stirring of the water and soil of the organically grown Azolla ponds contributes to an increase in its growth rate. The intensity of light greatly affects the growth rate of the Azolla plant, its color and appearance. The growth rate of the Azolla planted in the shade (50% of the intensity of natural light) was greater than that directly exposed to sunlight. Sterilization of organic manure by the addition of copper sulphate at a concentration of (5 g/L)was found to play an important role in maintaining the safety of Azolla ponds from harmful algae, fungi and molds. It is also possible to fertilize and stir the water and soil of Azolla ponds built organically using different types of fish such as tilapia and catfish. With the need to take into account the numerical density (fish/square meter) because the goal of it is fertilization, not breeding, in order to maintain a balance between the needs of Azolla and the concentration of organic fertilizer. and Experiments have shown that the monthly water consumption rate by the Azolla plant is approximately equal to 120 m3/dunum. And the palatability of farm animals was noted, different animals can eat Azolla.
Breast Radiation Doses and Cancer Risk From Female Chest CT Scans in Palestine
(AL-Quds University, 2017-05-07) صالح احمد صالح كميل; saleh ahmad saleh kameel; عدنان اللحام; Adnan Judeh; Hussein Almasri
Characterization and Optimization of Olive Mill Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation Using Experimental Design Approach
(Al-Quds University, 2022-01-08) Sujood Faisal Khaleel Abusabha; سجود فيصل خليل ابوصبحة
Olive Mill Wastewater (OMWW) are considered major environmental pollutants in the Mediterranean Basin, where for each produced liter of olive oil, about 4 liters of OMWW is produced. In the West Bank, the effluents are drained in the open environment. OMMW contains macro and micronutrients that could be useful for plants in case a reduction of phenols contents takes place. The objective of this study is to propose a pre-treatment system using the coagulation technique, and select the best operating conditions by applying Design of Experiment software for optimum pollutants reduction. The proposed treatment aim to reduce pollutants of OMWW effluent including organic matter in term of COD, total suspended solids TSS, and phenolic compounds. The principal operating parameters that have effects on coagulation process are pH, coagulant dose, and coagulant type. Two coagulant types’ Aluminum sulfate (AlSO4) and Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) were used. The coagulant concentration ranges between 0.5 and 2 mg/L, and the pH values range between three and eight. The number of samples and the level of each operating parameter were chosen based on experimental design methodology using Design Expert 13.0 software. For this, a 23 factorial design was used where the number of experiments proposed by the program was 18. Afterward, factorial regression analyses were used to analyze the results and chose the optimum combination of factors for treatment. The efficiency of the treatment process was calculated based on the reduction percent in each pollutant concentration. The results indicate that the coagulation process can be used effectively for removing those three pollutants. The TSS, COD, and Total Phenols for the raw OMWW are 42, 60, and 6,7 g/L respectively. By using, the two coagulates salts, a reduction in TSS range between 90 and 96%, for COD between 53 and 73%, and for Total Phenols between 11 and 37%, in the other hand electrical conductivity increased from 12 mS/cm to about 20 mS/cm. The statistical analysis of results was carried out using Design Expert 13.0 software following Pareto plot, graphical study of the effects, interaction diagrams, and 3D graphs. In addition to estimating the coefficients corresponding to the polynomial model for each response (b 0,1,2,3...bk). Moreover, Design Expert was used for analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the validity of models was checked by the correlation coefficient R2 and adjusted-R2, in Addition to F-value. For TSS removal both coagulants have approximately the same efficiency 93.5 % and 93.7% average efficiency for AS and FC respectively. Aluminum sulfate best operational conditions were at pH 4.5 and 0.5g/l gave 96.4% efficiency. Ferric Chloride best operational conditions gave 96.9% were at pH 3 and 0.5 g/l. The process leads to a great reduction in the solution turbidity. The original OMWW sample turbidity was measured at around 25,000± 305 NTU while the average turbidity in samples treated with AS was around 3300 and with FC was 4600 NTU. For COD average removal efficiency was 63% and 58% for AS and FC respectively. For AS best operational conditions were at pH 4.5 and 2g/l concentration where the process had around 73% efficiency. FC best operational conditions were around pH 4.5 and 0.5 g/l concentrations where the process had around 60.9% efficiency. Total Phenols reduction was 30% using AS and 14% using FC. Best conditions for, AS was pH4.5 at 2.0g/l conc. Giving 37.6% efficiency. And for FC at pH8 and 0.5 conc. Giving 24.1% efficiency. تعتبر المياه العادمة الناتجة عن معاصر الزيتون او كما تسمى (الزبار( من المشكلات الحقيقية التي تواجه مدن حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط والذي يعد الأكثر شهرة في إنتاج زيت الزيتون . حيث يتم إنتاج حوالي 4 لترات من الزبار مقابل كل لتر من زيت الزيتون. في فلسطين والضفة الغربية غالبا ما يتم تصريف هذه المياه العادمة في شبكة المياه العادمة أو في البيئة المحيطة بدون اي معالجة. يحتوي الزبارعلى العديد من العناصر المغذية من المغذيات الصغرى والكبرى والتي يمكن أن تكون مفيدة للنباتات في حالة تقليل تركيز البوليفينولات الضارة للنبات والبيئة قبل الاستخدام في للري. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو اقتراح نظام معالجة أولي لهذا الزبار باستخدام تقنية التخثر، واختيار ظروف المعالجة المثالية من خلال استخدام برنامج تصميم التجارب (Design Expert) للحصول على أقصى معالجة وتقليل تركيز الملوثات. تهدف المعالجة المقترحة إلى تقليل ملوثات الزبار بما في ذلك المواد العضوية, إجمالي المواد الصلبة العالقة ، والمركبات الفينولية. العوامل الأساسية التي تؤثر على عملية التخثر هي الرقم الهيدروجيني وجرعة المخثر ونوعه. في هذه الدراسة سيتم استخدام نوعين من مواد التخثر كبريتات الألومنيوم (AlSO4) وكلوريد الحديديك (FeCl3) ، ويتراوح تركيز مادة التخثر بين 0.5 و2 غم/لتر . تم اختيار عدد العينات ومستوى كل عامل من العوامل المؤثرة على عملية التخثير على أساس منهجية تصميم التجارب باستخدام برنامج Design Expert 13.0 حيث كان عدد التجارب المقترحة من قبل البرنامج 18. بعد ذلك تم استخدام تحليلات معامل الانحدار لتحليل النتائج واختيار القيم الأمثل لكل عامل . تم حساب كفاءة عملية المعالجة على أساس انخفاض النسبة المئوية في تركيز كل ملوث وتشير النتائج إلى أن عملية التخثر يمكن استخدامها بفعالية لإزالة هذه الملوثات الثلاثة: إجمالي المواد الصلبة العالقة و المواد العضوية والمركبات الفينولية حيث كانت قيمتها في الزبار غير المعالج كالاتي 42، 60 و 6,7 غرام/لتر على التوالي، باستخدام الملحين المخثرين كان هناك انخفاض واضح في تراكيز الملوثات حيث تراوحت تراكيز إجمالي المواد الصلبة العالقة بين 90 و 96٪، و المواد العضوية بين 53 و 73٪، وبالنسبة للفينولات بين 11 و 37٪، في ناحية أخرى زادت الموصلية الكهربائية من 12 mS/cm إلى حوالي 20 mS/cm. تم إجراء التحليل الإحصائي للنتائج باستخدام برنامج Design Expert13.0 باستخدام الرسوم البيانية التي تبين تأثير كل عامل على عملية المعالجة والتفاعلات بين هذه المعاملات بالإضافة إلى الرسوم ثلاثية الابعاد التي توضح التغير في النتائج كل ما تنقلنا عبر القيم المختلفة للمتغيرات . وعلاوة على ذلك، تم استخدام برنامج التصميم لتحليل التباين (ANOVA) وتم التحقق من صحة النماذج من قبل معامل الارتباط R2 وR2 المعدلة ، بالإضافة إلى قيمة F . في عملية ازالة المواد الصلبة العالقة كلا الملحين كان لهما أثر متقارب بكفاءة تصل الى 93.5٪ و93.7٪ لكبريتات الألومنيوم (AlSO4) وكلوريد الحديديك (FeCl3) على التوالي. حيث كانت أفضل الظروف التشغيلية لكبريتات الألومنيوم في pH 4.5 وتركيز 0.5 غم/لتر بكفاءة وصلت إلى 96.4٪. أما عن أفضل الظروف التشغيلية لكلوريد الحديديك أعطت نتائج 96.9٪ وكانت في pH 3 وتركيز 0.5 غم / لتر. كما ادت العملية الى انخفاض كبير في العكورة حيث كانت حوالي 25،000± 305 NTU في الزبار الخام في حين أن متوسط العكورة في العينات المعالجة مع كبريتات الألومنيوم كان حوالي 3270 ومع كلوريد الحديديك كان NTU 4600 . بالنسبة لمتوسط كفاءة إزالة المواد العضوية كان 63٪ و 58٪ ل AS و FC على التوالي. بالنسبة لأفضل الظروف التشغيلية AS كانت في pH 4.5 وتركيز 2 غم / لتر كانت كفاءة العملية حوالي 73٪. وكانت أفضل ظروف تشغيلية FC حول pH 4.5 و تركيز 0.5 غم / لتر كانت العملية ذات كفاءة حوالي 60.9٪. بالنسبة إلى إجمالي الفينولات كان الانخفاض بمقدار 30٪ باستخدام AS و 14٪ باستخدام FC . وكانت أفضل الظروف AS حول pH4.5 وتركيز 2.0 غم / لتر. وأعطت كفاءة 37.6٪. وبالنسبة ل FC حول pH8 وتركيز0.5 غم / لتر pH 8 بكفاءة 24.1٪.
Children Plastic Toys as a Possible Source of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Palestinian Environment
(AL-Quds University, 2013-05-10) احمد عبد القادر نمر العصافرة; Ahmad Abdulqader Nemir Alasafra; معتز القطب; حسن دويك; يوسف ابو صفية
Classification Model for Selecting Appropriate Wastewater Treatment Technology Compatible with the Community Capacity
(Al-Quds University, 2023-01-18) Ibrahim Mohammad Yousef Tomizeh; إبراهيم محمد يوسف طميزه; تعتبر معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي قضية بيئية رئيسية لحماية صحة الإنسان في العديد من البلدان في العالم وخاصة في البلدان النامية القاحلة وشبه القاحلة حيث مصادر المياه تعد نادرة ومصدر للصراع بين الأنظمة والتيارات السياسية. قد توفر أنظمة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي المستدامة مصدرًا مستداما للمياه إذا تمت مراقبتها وإدارتها بشكل صحيح ووجود منظمات وطنية ومحلية تعمل على مراقبة خدمات المياه بانتظام وأن يكون لديها مؤشرات مخصصة لقياس فعالية الخدمة، وتتابع منظمات أخرى الخدمة بعد التنفيذ "مراقبة ما بعد التنفيذ". إلا انه لا توجد عملية واضحة لتقييم واختيار التكنولوجيا المناسبة بما يتناسب مع قدرة المجتمع واحتياجاته. على هذا النحو، أدت المعرفة المحدودة لصانعي القرار إلى اختيار حلول غير مستدامة حيث أن 65٪ من المشاريع في البلدان النامية تفشل في مراحلها الأولى. ومع ذلك، تشير العديد من الدراسات والبحوث إلى أن التركيز ودراسة المجتمع يزيد من ملكية المجتمع لهذه المشاريع. تهدف الرسالة إلى تطوير نموذج تصنيف لمحطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي ليكون متوافقًا مع قدرة المجتمع لتقليل الفشل في أنظمة الصرف الصحي. في هذا البحث، سيتم استخدام منهجية (بوعبيد ولويس) بناءً على تحليل ثمانية عوامل قدرة رئيسية لتقييم وتقدير المجتمع ومعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي التقنيات واختيار أنسب التقنيات التي تتوافق مع المجتمع. مع هذا النموذج، سيكون لدى صانعي القرار القدرة على دراسة المشكلة وقياسها وفقًا لمتطلباتهم. فشلت معظم تقنيات الصرف الصحي بعد فترة وجيزة بسبب المراقبة السيئة بعد الانتهاء من تنفيذ المشروع بسبب عدم معالجة اللامبالاة في خصائص المجتمع وعامل القدرة. يحاول العديد من الباحثين العثور على أفضل ما يناسب اختيار تقنية الملاءمة، ولكن بعد اختيار التقنيات، تظهر العديد من الخيارات وبنفس المستوى تؤدي إلى اختيار العديد من التقنيات غير المحددة، مما يؤدي إلى عدم وجود نظام معالجة مستدام، في هذا البحث، ستؤدي بعض المعلمات إلى تضاف لتقليل الخيارات حسب احتياجات المياه المعالجة ومصدرها. يؤدي الامتداد الجغرافي وقلة عدد السكان في الأراضي الفلسطينية إلى تحدي مرهق أمام الحكومات لإنشاء محطات معالجة مركزية لمياه الصرف الصحي في مجتمعاتها، بالإضافة إلى أن 65٪ من الأراضي الفلسطينية هي منطقة ج حيث يُحظر إنشاء محطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي المركزية. علاوة على ذلك، فإن الافتقار إلى شبكات الصرف الصحي والأزمات الاقتصادية تؤدي إلى اعتبار محطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي ذات تكاليف التشغيلية والصيانة المنخفضة، فضلاً عن الأراضي والطاقة الأقل استهلاكًا مثل عملية الحمأة المُنشطة، هي الخيارات الأنسب حتى تتمكن هذه المجتمعات بالقدرة على إدارة وتشغيل هذه المحطات.
Wastewater treatment and sanitation is a major issue in protected environment and health in many countries in the world especially in the developing arid and semi-arid countries where water sources in all countries are rare and a source of conflict. Sustainable wastewater treatment systems may provide sustainable none conventional water source if operated and managed properly. There are national and local organizations work on monitoring water services regularly, assignee indicators to measure the effectiveness of the service, other organizations follow up the service after implementation "post-implementation monitoring". As there is no clear process for evaluating and selecting the appropriate technology commensurate with the community's capacity and needs. As such, the limited knowledge of decision makers has led to choosing unsustainable solutions as 65% of projects in developing countries fail in their early stages. However, many studies and research indicated that focusing and studying the community increases the community ownership of these projects by including the community capabilities and needs in the stage of choosing the technologies. Thesis aims to develop classification model for wastewater treatment plants to be compatible with community capacity to reduce the failure in sanitation systems. With this model, the decision makers will have the ability to examine and scale the problem according to their requirement.in this research (Bouabid and Louis) methodology will be use based on analysis eight main capacity factors to evaluate and asses the community and wastewater treatment technologies and chose the most appropriate technology that compatible with the community. Most of sanitation technologies failed after a short period because of the bad monitoring after implementation of the project finalized because of not tacking inconsideration the community characteristics, and capacity factor. Several researchers try to find the best fit of choosing a propriety technology but after selecting the technologies, many options appear and with the same level leading to a selection of many none specific technologies, leading to none sustainable treatment system, in this research some parameters will be added to reduce options depends on the needs of the treated water and the its source. The geographical extension and the sparse population of the Palestinian territories lead to an exhausting challenge for governments to establish centralized wastewater treatment plants for its communities; in addition, 65% of Palestinian territories are area C where it forbidden to establish centralized WWTPs. Moreover, the lack of sewage networks and the economic crises lead to consider the WWTPs with low operating and maintenance costs, as well as the least consuming land and energy, are the most appropriate options so that these communities have the ability to manage and operate these stations.
Consumer Load Management Using Forecasting Algorithms
(AL-Quds University, 2019-10-02) رأفت كريم ناجي الجنيدي; rafat kareem naji aljuneidi; رضوان طهبوب; Nassim Iqteit; Labib Arafeh
Cr (VI) Removal from Tanning Effluents Using Functionalized-Pyroxene Nanoparticles Supported into Diatomite: Batch and Continuous Processes
(AL-Quds University, 2018-12-22) وصال محمد عبد الهادي خضيرات; Wisal mohammad abdalhadi khderat; عامر كنعان; Omar Ayyad; Nashaat Nassar
Detection Of Helicobacter Pylori DNA In Water Samples In Palestine
(AL-Quds University, 2007-01-17) ليندا عبد الحليم عطا عطية; Linda Abed-Elhaleem Atta Atteyeh; ميساء العزة; عامر مرعي; Sameer Barghouthi; Musa Hindiyeh
Determination of different trace heavy metals in ground and harvested rain water in certain regions of West Bank/Palestine by ICP/MS
(AL-Quds University, 2014-04-27) حسام ظاهر نمر ملصة; Husam Thaher Nimer Malassa; معتز القطب; Jawad Hasan; Subhi Samhan
Surface and ground water contamination with heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues as they are toxic even at low concentrations. This study was conducted to determine heavy metal concentrations in ground drinking water of north and south West Bank in addition to harvested rain water in south West Bank. Water samples were analyzed for different trace heavy metals (Tl, Pb, Bi, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag and Cd) and Al content by ICP/MS. In North West Bank, three triplicates where obtained from five different wells. In South West Bank, three triplicates from ten groundwater wells were obtained in four different dates of the year (October 2012, November 2012, March 2013, and April 2013). The samples were analyzed for their pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, and different trace metals content. The pH, Electrical Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids of all water samples were found to be within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guideline. In South West Bank, Results showed that Pb, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mo were detected in all water samples analyzed in this study, while Tl, Bi, Mn, Ag, and Cd were detected in 80%, 88%, 90%, 75%, and 95% of the water samples analyzed in this study, respectively. In general, 93% of all samples analyzed contained one or more of the 13 metals studied each in varying concentration. Furthermore, results showed that the concentration of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mo is within the allowed WHO limits in drinking water. However the concentration of Pb, Cd, and Al are found to be higher than the allowed WHO limits in 40%, 8%, and 33% of the water samples analyzed in this study, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that concentrations of the metals studied were varied significantly between the ten ground water wells in south West Bank, indicating that the wells analyzed in this study is different from each other in terms of heavy metal content. Additionally, from the statistical results obtained, it was found that there is a significant difference in the concentration of the metals in each well during the wet and dry season, denoting that metal concentration in the wells varies significantly with sampling time. At the North West Bank, Results showed that the concentration of trace metals (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Pb, Cd, and Al) is within the allowed WHO limits in drinking water (50, 500, 20, 2000, 3000, 70, 10, 3, and 200 µg/L, respectively), however six metals of them X (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Mo, and Al) were detected in 100% of the samples, while Pb, Cd, and Zn were detected in 80%, 60%, and 20% of the samples, respectively. On the other hand, Tl which is a very toxic heavy metal with allowed WHO limits of 0.01-1 µg/L, is detected in 100% of the water samples analyzed with a range of 0.02-0.12 µg/L, which indicates that such concentration level of Tl would be harmful for human being used these groundwater for domestic purposes. In general, 82% of all samples analyzed contained one or more of the 12 metals studied each in varying concentration. Furthermore, harvested Rain water samples for drinking from West part of Hebron (south of West Bank in Palestine), were analyzed for different trace heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, Bi, and Pb) content by ICP/MS. A total of 44 water samples per houses cisterns were collected in November 2012 used to collect harvested rain water from the houses roofs. Results showed that concentrations of the heavy metals vary significantly between the 44 samples. Results also showed that the concentration of five heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Ni, Ag, and Pb) were higher than the WHO limits for these heavy metals in drinking water. The results obtained from this study suggest a possible risk to the population of the study area given the toxicity of these metals, and the fact that for many people in the study area, ground water and harvested rain water is a main source of their water supply
Determination of trace metals in rain water during the November 2012 bombing in Gaza Strip
(AL-Quds University, 2016-05-30) هناء عماد محمد اشقير; hanaa imad mohammed eshqair; معتز القطب; جواد شقير; مروان غانم
Surface water contamination with heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues as they are toxic even at low concentrations. This study was conducted to determine the water quality of harvested rain water used for drinking in Gaza after the 2012 bombing, and to assess the potential effect of bombing on the amounts of trace metals in harvested rainwater. In this study Gaza strip was divided in four areas (North (a) and (b)), Middle and Southern area.). A total of 43 water samples classified between bombed and non-bombed area, were collected in November 2012 during the first rain after eight days of bombings from 43 rain water pools and from an area that was hit by many rockets. Water samples have been analyzed for different trace (heavy) metals (Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, V, Al, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, U, and Cd) as well as phosphorous content by ICP/MS. The samples were analyzed for their pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids. For some water samples the results were found to be within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guideline. In North (a) Gaza Strip, Result showed that eight heavy metals Ba, Mn, Al, Pb, Ni, As, Cd and Cr have exceeded the WHO limits, the highest percent was for Ba metal in 93% of the 16 samples. Furthermore, results showed that the concentrations of three heavy metals Cu, Zn and U is within the allowed WHO limits in drinking water. However the concentration of Ba, Al, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cr, As, and Cd are found to be higher than the allowed WHO limits in 93%, 63%, 44%, 38%, 25%, 6%, 6%, and 6% of the water samples analyzed in this study, respectively. Potential contamination by different number of rockets F16 and a lot of destruction caused by shelling on the agricultural lands in this area are responsible for the occurrence of the trace metals with high concentration. The result showed using this water is dangerous for human health, especially when used for drinking and agriculture purpose. In North b, Result showed that this area have been contaminated by twelve heavy metals (Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, V, Al, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, and Cd) in addition to P and U .Al metal was found in 73% of the analyzed eleven samples. On the other hand ten metals of them (Ba, Cu, Co, Mn, V, Al, Cr, Ni, As, and Cd) were detected in 100% of these samples, while the concentration of eight metals (Al, Pb, Ba, Mn, Ni, Cd, As and Cr) are higher than the allowed WHO limits in 73%, 63%, 45%, 36%, 36%, 36%, 27% and 18% of the water samples analyzed in this study, respectively. Phosphorous was also detected in all water samples analyzed in this study with high concentrations (range of 100.86-2467.48 µg/L XI and average of 682.22 µg/L). These high concentrations of phosphorous was found in sample number 8 (Beirut Street, near to Abu Mazen Square) may be attributed to the white phosphorous munitions used in Gaza during the war. The area was hit by different number of missiles. Most of the samples in this area were potentially contaminated by eight to nine missiles, which were bombed very close to the building where people live. This is very danger for human health. In Middle Gaza Strip (Nussairat area), Results showed that twelve trace metals (Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, V, Al, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, and Cd) were detected in all water samples analyzed. Furthermore result showed that the highest percent of samples that exceeded the limit of WHO limit was for Barium, in 83% of the samples analyzed in this region. Additionally twelve heavy metals (Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, V, Al, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, and Cd) were detected in 100% of water samples analyzed. Six heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd and U) were found in the analyzed water samples within in these limits. Phosphorous was also detected in all water samples analyzed in this region with high concentrations (range of 113.01-2855.07 µg/L, and average of 1039.4 µg/L). This high concentration of phosphorous was found in sample number 20 (sample from an area that was hit by 5 rockets) may be attributed to the white phosphorous munitions used in this war against Gaza. This area was also hit by many different number of missiles. In the Southern area, Results showed that eleven trace metals Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, V, As, Pb, Cr, Ni and Al were detected in all water samples analyzed, the highest percent of samples that exceeded the limit of WHO limit, were for Al and Pb, with 90% of the samples analyzed exceeded this limit. Furthermore, result showed that the concentration of heavy metals (Al, Pb, Ba, Ni and As) exceeded the allowed WHO limits in 90%, 90%, 30%, 20% and 10% respectively. However the concentration of Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, As, U, P, Pb and Al) were detected in 100% of the water samples. Phosphorous was also detected in all water samples analyzed in this study with high concentrations (range of 286.61-7390.62 µg/L). These high concentrations of phosphorous was found in sample number 42 (sample from an area that was heavily bombed) the number of bombing was concentrated and heavy. Furthermore, the concentrations of all heavy metals that were detected in the collected harvested rainwater from different areas vary significantly between the 43 samples. All of the metals were detected in all water samples that had been analyzed in this study.
DIVERSITY AND SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF WILD MEDICINAL ALLIUM SPECIES IN SOME REGIONS OF WEST BANK
(AL-Quds University, 2008-06-10) ناريمان عودة دياب عيسى; NARIMAN OUDEH DIAB ESSA; عامر مرعي; GHADEER OMAR; Dr. Mutaz El-Qotub; Dr. Raed Alkowni
In the Palestinian context, there’s no in depth studies deal with this field except the Palestina Flora. This study was published in 1984, and tackled almost all wild plants species in the historic Palestine. The present study was carried out in four agro-ecological zones in the West Bank, an in-depth field survey was carried out in the semi-coastal lands, high central lands, eastern slope and arid areas, between March 2007 to July of the same year. The study’s objective is to seek the wild Allium species and to study the detecting species in terms of their diversity, abundances, and morphological features. The main findings of this study were as follows; ten wild Allium species were detected in the different agro-ecological zones in the West Bank. The detected species are: A. ampeloprasum, A. phanerantherum, A. hierochuntinum, A. paniculatum, A. pallens, A. desertorum, A. stamineum, A. neapolitanum, A. negevense and A. schubertii. Also, the study findings revealed and stressed on the differences among wild Allium species in terms of abundances in the studied areas. For instance, A. ampeloprasum and A. stamineum were the most dominant species in the studied areas while A. negevense and A. schubertii were the less dominant species comparing to the others found species. Furthermore, 95 specimens of different Allium species were collected, dried, poisoned, and mounted at the Life Science’s Laboratory in An- Najah National University. A special taxonomy key was set up for the detected wild Allium species as well. IV Finally, the study areas are rich in the wild Allium species as they are available, diversified and dominantly existing in the West Bank areas. However, the wild Allium species need more in-depth researches, investigations and studies, as to be conserved, developed and managed in a sustainable manner as a promising and vulnerable subsector.
Ecological Investigations on the Terrestrial Biodiversity in the Northern Part of the West Bank (Jenin Area
(AL-Quds University, 2008-01-12) أمجد ابراهيم سعيد أبوجلبوش; Amjad Ibraheem Said Abu-Jalboush; عزام صالح; Khaled Salem Sawalha; Ahmad Shwaika

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