Environmental Studies

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“Assessment of Radiation Protection Awareness, Policies and Practices among Palestinian Radiographers in Governmental Hospitals-Palestine
(AL-Quds University, 2018-05-19) محمد سعيد محمد حسان; Mohammad Saeed Mohammad Hassan; عدنان اللحام; Mohammad Hjouj; Mohammad Jamal
Assessment of Vulnerability and Risk Mapping at Marsaba -Feshcha Catchment
(Al-Quds University, 2016-05-05) Mayy Mowaffaq Rahhal; مي موفق رحال
Azolla Cultivation On Several Types Of Water Using Several Cheap Natural Fertilizers That Are Locally Available In Palestine
(Al-Quds University, 2022-05-28) Raid Hassan Mohammed Amro; رائد حسن محمد عمرو
The Azolla plant is one of the most important and famous plants that is worldwide cultivated for the production of animal feed. This is due to its cheap cost, rapid growth, and rich protein content, which ranges between (20-30)% of its dry weight. Also for its ease of cultivation, besides being environmentally friendly green fodder. Studies and scientific research dealing with this plant and its economic and agricultural importance to Palestinian farmers are so important in order to introduce Azolla cultivation in the West bank and Gaza strip. The plant is not yet known or widespread in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Hence, it is necessary to conduct an objective scientific study on the ground that confirms and proves the possibility of cultivating this plant in the Palestinian environment using local organic fertilizers and on different types of water. Therefore, we planted several basins of Azolla plant in different environments in terms of temperature, light intensity, type of organic fertilizer and the amount of water used and compared with each other, to study the possibility of cultivating the plant in the Palestinian environment and to identify the most prominent environmental factors that affect its cultivation. This is the first and only study that investigates the possibility of cultivating Azolla in Palestine based on scientific investigations. As it turned out that it is possible to grow the Azolla plant in Palestine with ease and outside the greenhouse for most months of the year, as well as inside it in all months and seasons. It was found that growth rates was higher during the summer by almost half. Also, the Azolla plant can be grown organically using natural organic fertilizers without using any chemical fertilizers. Vermicompost is the best ever among all the other organic fertilizers that can be used. This type of fertilizer does not need agricultural soil when used, unlike the rest of the organic fertilizers, which turned out to be unreliable alone for cultivation of the Azolla plant. Agricultural soil must be added with a height of 3 cm at least inside each basin when using these organic fertilizers. Azolla plant can be grown on many types of water, such as the water from fish farming ponds and the treated waste water secondary or tertiary treatment. The water of fish farming ponds was found the best among these types for cultivation Azolla. Azolla plant can be grown in a healthy manner at varying heights of water Ranging on average from 3 cm and above (it can be planted even in less than this xiv depth). The preferable basins depth during summer was found to be more than 20 cm. This depth was found better for control the temperature of water in the basin and climatic fluctuations between night and day. Within the Azolla basin (3-5) cm, experiments also showed that the Azolla plant multiplies in the Palestinian environment from (6-10) times within one month, i.e. an average of once every 4 days on average. The production per square meter of fresh green Azolla (within 4 days) and after drying in the shade for 5 hours ranged between 800 - 1000 gm. of fresh green Azolla, meaning that the monthly average production of a square meter of Azolla plant is equivalent to 6-7 kg/month. Therefore, the average biomass resulting from an area of one dunum during one month is approximately 6 tons. The results also showed that the growth rate of the Azolla plant is close to the growth rate of the water lentil plant with a relative superiority in favor of the water lentil plant. It was also noted that the environment of the cultivated Azolla ponds could be improved by some additions. As an example for the fish water by adding agricultural soil, and daily stirring once or twice. Daily stirring of the water and soil of the organically grown Azolla ponds contributes to an increase in its growth rate. The intensity of light greatly affects the growth rate of the Azolla plant, its color and appearance. The growth rate of the Azolla planted in the shade (50% of the intensity of natural light) was greater than that directly exposed to sunlight. Sterilization of organic manure by the addition of copper sulphate at a concentration of (5 g/L)was found to play an important role in maintaining the safety of Azolla ponds from harmful algae, fungi and molds. It is also possible to fertilize and stir the water and soil of Azolla ponds built organically using different types of fish such as tilapia and catfish. With the need to take into account the numerical density (fish/square meter) because the goal of it is fertilization, not breeding, in order to maintain a balance between the needs of Azolla and the concentration of organic fertilizer. and Experiments have shown that the monthly water consumption rate by the Azolla plant is approximately equal to 120 m3/dunum. And the palatability of farm animals was noted, different animals can eat Azolla.
Breast Radiation Doses and Cancer Risk From Female Chest CT Scans in Palestine
(AL-Quds University, 2017-05-07) صالح احمد صالح كميل; saleh ahmad saleh kameel; عدنان اللحام; Adnan Judeh; Hussein Almasri
Characterization and Optimization of Olive Mill Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation Using Experimental Design Approach
(Al-Quds University, 2022-01-08) Sujood Faisal Khaleel Abusabha; سجود فيصل خليل ابوصبحة
Olive Mill Wastewater (OMWW) are considered major environmental pollutants in the Mediterranean Basin, where for each produced liter of olive oil, about 4 liters of OMWW is produced. In the West Bank, the effluents are drained in the open environment. OMMW contains macro and micronutrients that could be useful for plants in case a reduction of phenols contents takes place. The objective of this study is to propose a pre-treatment system using the coagulation technique, and select the best operating conditions by applying Design of Experiment software for optimum pollutants reduction. The proposed treatment aim to reduce pollutants of OMWW effluent including organic matter in term of COD, total suspended solids TSS, and phenolic compounds. The principal operating parameters that have effects on coagulation process are pH, coagulant dose, and coagulant type. Two coagulant types’ Aluminum sulfate (AlSO4) and Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) were used. The coagulant concentration ranges between 0.5 and 2 mg/L, and the pH values range between three and eight. The number of samples and the level of each operating parameter were chosen based on experimental design methodology using Design Expert 13.0 software. For this, a 23 factorial design was used where the number of experiments proposed by the program was 18. Afterward, factorial regression analyses were used to analyze the results and chose the optimum combination of factors for treatment. The efficiency of the treatment process was calculated based on the reduction percent in each pollutant concentration. The results indicate that the coagulation process can be used effectively for removing those three pollutants. The TSS, COD, and Total Phenols for the raw OMWW are 42, 60, and 6,7 g/L respectively. By using, the two coagulates salts, a reduction in TSS range between 90 and 96%, for COD between 53 and 73%, and for Total Phenols between 11 and 37%, in the other hand electrical conductivity increased from 12 mS/cm to about 20 mS/cm. The statistical analysis of results was carried out using Design Expert 13.0 software following Pareto plot, graphical study of the effects, interaction diagrams, and 3D graphs. In addition to estimating the coefficients corresponding to the polynomial model for each response (b 0,1,2,3...bk). Moreover, Design Expert was used for analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the validity of models was checked by the correlation coefficient R2 and adjusted-R2, in Addition to F-value. For TSS removal both coagulants have approximately the same efficiency 93.5 % and 93.7% average efficiency for AS and FC respectively. Aluminum sulfate best operational conditions were at pH 4.5 and 0.5g/l gave 96.4% efficiency. Ferric Chloride best operational conditions gave 96.9% were at pH 3 and 0.5 g/l. The process leads to a great reduction in the solution turbidity. The original OMWW sample turbidity was measured at around 25,000± 305 NTU while the average turbidity in samples treated with AS was around 3300 and with FC was 4600 NTU. For COD average removal efficiency was 63% and 58% for AS and FC respectively. For AS best operational conditions were at pH 4.5 and 2g/l concentration where the process had around 73% efficiency. FC best operational conditions were around pH 4.5 and 0.5 g/l concentrations where the process had around 60.9% efficiency. Total Phenols reduction was 30% using AS and 14% using FC. Best conditions for, AS was pH4.5 at 2.0g/l conc. Giving 37.6% efficiency. And for FC at pH8 and 0.5 conc. Giving 24.1% efficiency. تعتبر المياه العادمة الناتجة عن معاصر الزيتون او كما تسمى (الزبار( من المشكلات الحقيقية التي تواجه مدن حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط والذي يعد الأكثر شهرة في إنتاج زيت الزيتون . حيث يتم إنتاج حوالي 4 لترات من الزبار مقابل كل لتر من زيت الزيتون. في فلسطين والضفة الغربية غالبا ما يتم تصريف هذه المياه العادمة في شبكة المياه العادمة أو في البيئة المحيطة بدون اي معالجة. يحتوي الزبارعلى العديد من العناصر المغذية من المغذيات الصغرى والكبرى والتي يمكن أن تكون مفيدة للنباتات في حالة تقليل تركيز البوليفينولات الضارة للنبات والبيئة قبل الاستخدام في للري. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو اقتراح نظام معالجة أولي لهذا الزبار باستخدام تقنية التخثر، واختيار ظروف المعالجة المثالية من خلال استخدام برنامج تصميم التجارب (Design Expert) للحصول على أقصى معالجة وتقليل تركيز الملوثات. تهدف المعالجة المقترحة إلى تقليل ملوثات الزبار بما في ذلك المواد العضوية, إجمالي المواد الصلبة العالقة ، والمركبات الفينولية. العوامل الأساسية التي تؤثر على عملية التخثر هي الرقم الهيدروجيني وجرعة المخثر ونوعه. في هذه الدراسة سيتم استخدام نوعين من مواد التخثر كبريتات الألومنيوم (AlSO4) وكلوريد الحديديك (FeCl3) ، ويتراوح تركيز مادة التخثر بين 0.5 و2 غم/لتر . تم اختيار عدد العينات ومستوى كل عامل من العوامل المؤثرة على عملية التخثير على أساس منهجية تصميم التجارب باستخدام برنامج Design Expert 13.0 حيث كان عدد التجارب المقترحة من قبل البرنامج 18. بعد ذلك تم استخدام تحليلات معامل الانحدار لتحليل النتائج واختيار القيم الأمثل لكل عامل . تم حساب كفاءة عملية المعالجة على أساس انخفاض النسبة المئوية في تركيز كل ملوث وتشير النتائج إلى أن عملية التخثر يمكن استخدامها بفعالية لإزالة هذه الملوثات الثلاثة: إجمالي المواد الصلبة العالقة و المواد العضوية والمركبات الفينولية حيث كانت قيمتها في الزبار غير المعالج كالاتي 42، 60 و 6,7 غرام/لتر على التوالي، باستخدام الملحين المخثرين كان هناك انخفاض واضح في تراكيز الملوثات حيث تراوحت تراكيز إجمالي المواد الصلبة العالقة بين 90 و 96٪، و المواد العضوية بين 53 و 73٪، وبالنسبة للفينولات بين 11 و 37٪، في ناحية أخرى زادت الموصلية الكهربائية من 12 mS/cm إلى حوالي 20 mS/cm. تم إجراء التحليل الإحصائي للنتائج باستخدام برنامج Design Expert13.0 باستخدام الرسوم البيانية التي تبين تأثير كل عامل على عملية المعالجة والتفاعلات بين هذه المعاملات بالإضافة إلى الرسوم ثلاثية الابعاد التي توضح التغير في النتائج كل ما تنقلنا عبر القيم المختلفة للمتغيرات . وعلاوة على ذلك، تم استخدام برنامج التصميم لتحليل التباين (ANOVA) وتم التحقق من صحة النماذج من قبل معامل الارتباط R2 وR2 المعدلة ، بالإضافة إلى قيمة F . في عملية ازالة المواد الصلبة العالقة كلا الملحين كان لهما أثر متقارب بكفاءة تصل الى 93.5٪ و93.7٪ لكبريتات الألومنيوم (AlSO4) وكلوريد الحديديك (FeCl3) على التوالي. حيث كانت أفضل الظروف التشغيلية لكبريتات الألومنيوم في pH 4.5 وتركيز 0.5 غم/لتر بكفاءة وصلت إلى 96.4٪. أما عن أفضل الظروف التشغيلية لكلوريد الحديديك أعطت نتائج 96.9٪ وكانت في pH 3 وتركيز 0.5 غم / لتر. كما ادت العملية الى انخفاض كبير في العكورة حيث كانت حوالي 25،000± 305 NTU في الزبار الخام في حين أن متوسط العكورة في العينات المعالجة مع كبريتات الألومنيوم كان حوالي 3270 ومع كلوريد الحديديك كان NTU 4600 . بالنسبة لمتوسط كفاءة إزالة المواد العضوية كان 63٪ و 58٪ ل AS و FC على التوالي. بالنسبة لأفضل الظروف التشغيلية AS كانت في pH 4.5 وتركيز 2 غم / لتر كانت كفاءة العملية حوالي 73٪. وكانت أفضل ظروف تشغيلية FC حول pH 4.5 و تركيز 0.5 غم / لتر كانت العملية ذات كفاءة حوالي 60.9٪. بالنسبة إلى إجمالي الفينولات كان الانخفاض بمقدار 30٪ باستخدام AS و 14٪ باستخدام FC . وكانت أفضل الظروف AS حول pH4.5 وتركيز 2.0 غم / لتر. وأعطت كفاءة 37.6٪. وبالنسبة ل FC حول pH8 وتركيز0.5 غم / لتر pH 8 بكفاءة 24.1٪.
Classification Model for Selecting Appropriate Wastewater Treatment Technology Compatible with the Community Capacity
(Al-Quds University, 2023-01-18) Ibrahim Mohammad Yousef Tomizeh; إبراهيم محمد يوسف طميزه; تعتبر معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي قضية بيئية رئيسية لحماية صحة الإنسان في العديد من البلدان في العالم وخاصة في البلدان النامية القاحلة وشبه القاحلة حيث مصادر المياه تعد نادرة ومصدر للصراع بين الأنظمة والتيارات السياسية. قد توفر أنظمة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي المستدامة مصدرًا مستداما للمياه إذا تمت مراقبتها وإدارتها بشكل صحيح ووجود منظمات وطنية ومحلية تعمل على مراقبة خدمات المياه بانتظام وأن يكون لديها مؤشرات مخصصة لقياس فعالية الخدمة، وتتابع منظمات أخرى الخدمة بعد التنفيذ "مراقبة ما بعد التنفيذ". إلا انه لا توجد عملية واضحة لتقييم واختيار التكنولوجيا المناسبة بما يتناسب مع قدرة المجتمع واحتياجاته. على هذا النحو، أدت المعرفة المحدودة لصانعي القرار إلى اختيار حلول غير مستدامة حيث أن 65٪ من المشاريع في البلدان النامية تفشل في مراحلها الأولى. ومع ذلك، تشير العديد من الدراسات والبحوث إلى أن التركيز ودراسة المجتمع يزيد من ملكية المجتمع لهذه المشاريع. تهدف الرسالة إلى تطوير نموذج تصنيف لمحطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي ليكون متوافقًا مع قدرة المجتمع لتقليل الفشل في أنظمة الصرف الصحي. في هذا البحث، سيتم استخدام منهجية (بوعبيد ولويس) بناءً على تحليل ثمانية عوامل قدرة رئيسية لتقييم وتقدير المجتمع ومعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي التقنيات واختيار أنسب التقنيات التي تتوافق مع المجتمع. مع هذا النموذج، سيكون لدى صانعي القرار القدرة على دراسة المشكلة وقياسها وفقًا لمتطلباتهم. فشلت معظم تقنيات الصرف الصحي بعد فترة وجيزة بسبب المراقبة السيئة بعد الانتهاء من تنفيذ المشروع بسبب عدم معالجة اللامبالاة في خصائص المجتمع وعامل القدرة. يحاول العديد من الباحثين العثور على أفضل ما يناسب اختيار تقنية الملاءمة، ولكن بعد اختيار التقنيات، تظهر العديد من الخيارات وبنفس المستوى تؤدي إلى اختيار العديد من التقنيات غير المحددة، مما يؤدي إلى عدم وجود نظام معالجة مستدام، في هذا البحث، ستؤدي بعض المعلمات إلى تضاف لتقليل الخيارات حسب احتياجات المياه المعالجة ومصدرها. يؤدي الامتداد الجغرافي وقلة عدد السكان في الأراضي الفلسطينية إلى تحدي مرهق أمام الحكومات لإنشاء محطات معالجة مركزية لمياه الصرف الصحي في مجتمعاتها، بالإضافة إلى أن 65٪ من الأراضي الفلسطينية هي منطقة ج حيث يُحظر إنشاء محطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي المركزية. علاوة على ذلك، فإن الافتقار إلى شبكات الصرف الصحي والأزمات الاقتصادية تؤدي إلى اعتبار محطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي ذات تكاليف التشغيلية والصيانة المنخفضة، فضلاً عن الأراضي والطاقة الأقل استهلاكًا مثل عملية الحمأة المُنشطة، هي الخيارات الأنسب حتى تتمكن هذه المجتمعات بالقدرة على إدارة وتشغيل هذه المحطات.
Wastewater treatment and sanitation is a major issue in protected environment and health in many countries in the world especially in the developing arid and semi-arid countries where water sources in all countries are rare and a source of conflict. Sustainable wastewater treatment systems may provide sustainable none conventional water source if operated and managed properly. There are national and local organizations work on monitoring water services regularly, assignee indicators to measure the effectiveness of the service, other organizations follow up the service after implementation "post-implementation monitoring". As there is no clear process for evaluating and selecting the appropriate technology commensurate with the community's capacity and needs. As such, the limited knowledge of decision makers has led to choosing unsustainable solutions as 65% of projects in developing countries fail in their early stages. However, many studies and research indicated that focusing and studying the community increases the community ownership of these projects by including the community capabilities and needs in the stage of choosing the technologies. Thesis aims to develop classification model for wastewater treatment plants to be compatible with community capacity to reduce the failure in sanitation systems. With this model, the decision makers will have the ability to examine and scale the problem according to their requirement.in this research (Bouabid and Louis) methodology will be use based on analysis eight main capacity factors to evaluate and asses the community and wastewater treatment technologies and chose the most appropriate technology that compatible with the community. Most of sanitation technologies failed after a short period because of the bad monitoring after implementation of the project finalized because of not tacking inconsideration the community characteristics, and capacity factor. Several researchers try to find the best fit of choosing a propriety technology but after selecting the technologies, many options appear and with the same level leading to a selection of many none specific technologies, leading to none sustainable treatment system, in this research some parameters will be added to reduce options depends on the needs of the treated water and the its source. The geographical extension and the sparse population of the Palestinian territories lead to an exhausting challenge for governments to establish centralized wastewater treatment plants for its communities; in addition, 65% of Palestinian territories are area C where it forbidden to establish centralized WWTPs. Moreover, the lack of sewage networks and the economic crises lead to consider the WWTPs with low operating and maintenance costs, as well as the least consuming land and energy, are the most appropriate options so that these communities have the ability to manage and operate these stations.
Detection Of Helicobacter Pylori DNA In Water Samples In Palestine
(AL-Quds University, 2007-01-17) ليندا عبد الحليم عطا عطية; Linda Abed-Elhaleem Atta Atteyeh; ميساء العزة; عامر مرعي; Sameer Barghouthi; Musa Hindiyeh
Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors for Pediatric Asthma in East Jerusalem / Palestine
(AL-Quds University, 2007-06-10) كفايه جمعه حامد حامد; KEFAYA JUMA HAMED HAMED; غسان بعلوشة; Dr. Lina El-Khairy; Dr.Hisham Darweesh
Pediatric asthma is a serious illness that poses tremendous stress on patients and their families alike. Unfortunately the disease's incidence is on a rise worldwide. Pediatric asthma is a chronic disease affecting the small bronchi leading to inflammation with subsequent edema and hypersecretion resulting in narrowing of the lumen demonstrated in cough, dyspnea and wheezes. Pollution, cigarette smoke, dust mite, domestic animal and extreme weather conditions are considered causative and triggering factors. Genetic factors play critical role in respiratory hypersensitivity also identified to be an important risk factor in pediatric asthma. Children are primary victims, being exposed, early on in life, to thousands of attacks of acute severe asthma and requiring hospital referral. The study aims was to identify the most prevalent environmental - genetic risk factors that affect pediatric asthma in east Jerusalem/ Palestine. The sample size consists of 300 children from East Jerusalem between 5 and 16 years old. One hundred patients represent bronchial asthma ,case and 200 with other diseases. The purposive sample is taken from four medical centers in East Jerusalem and two major medical institution ,Al- Makassed Islamic Charitable Hospital and Augusta Victoria Hospital (AVH). The study was approved by the scientific research committee at Al –Quds University, and a permission to conduct the study from the administration of Al- Makassed Islamic Charitable center, the Arab medical health center, the American medical center and from the Palestinian ministry of health center also along with permission from AVH and Makassed Islamic Charitable Hospital was obtained The Alpha 1 Antitrypsin genotype was perform for 50% of the samples (50 case, 100 control) in addition 300 questionnaire was distributed for 300 families of children selected in the study area . Pearson chi square was used to check the association of environmental risk factors that affect pediatric asthma in east Jerusalem Palestine. Result of the study demonstrate that there is a strong association between pediatric asthma and the presence of domestic animal in home , second hand smoking, and family history of asthma is strongly related to asthma .on the other hand genetic risk factor is poorly associated with asthma among children in east Jerusalem /Palestine.
The fate of Heavy Metals in Vegetables Irrigated with Raw Wastewater in Palestine: A Case Study of Al-Far’a Area
(Al-Quds University, 2020-01-04) Mahmoud Khader Abed Driaat; محمود خضر عبد دريعات
Wastewater, and industrial wastewater, is known to be a major source of pollution with heavy metals. The discharge of raw wastewater to the environment without any advance treatment creates the potential for heavy metals contamination to the nearby agricultural lands. Root and fruit vegetables are important kinds of vegetables in the human food diet. These kind of vegetables are rich in vitamins and nutrients. However, root and fruit vegetables should not contain heavy metals over a range of concentrations, which could pose potential health risk to the consumers. Contamination with heavy metals is considered an environmental threat, as these metals are toxic even at low concentrations. This study was conducted to determine heavy metals concentration in root and fruit vegetables in the central Jordan Valley region in Palestine, which includes Nablus east, and Al-Jiftlik village in the West Bank. Thus, vegetable samples, particularly Potato, Zucchini, Eggplants, and Onions, had been collected from different farms, and analysed for different heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Cr, Co, Cd, Mn, Ni, V, and Ba) by using ICP-MS. For some samples, the results were found to be exceeding WHO/FAO permissible limit for human consumption, while other samples were found to be within the safe allowable limit. Cr was found to be the highest in concentration while Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, and Cd were the lowest. Ba and V concentrations varied between high in some samples and low in other, then comes Pb that showed a concertation close to the safe limit of the (WHO). Soil samples in addition to water samples had been also analysed for their content of heavy metals in order to correlate the environmental factors to heavy metal contamination. However, most of concentrations were below the limit set by WHO/FAO and it was hard to build a relationship of soil/water to plant transfer of heavy metals. It was noticed that the Ni, Mn, Co, as an essential elements were found to be very low concentrations in soil, and water samples, and thus their concentration were low in most of the vegetables samples. Cd showed a very low concentration, Cd was very low and even below the detection levels in some of water/soil and vegetables samples. Pb was very low in most of the soil/water samples, while the concentration of Pb in the vegetable samples were little below the permission level, which suggest that even at a low concentration of Pb in soil/water system, the vegetables were able to accumulate Pb in their fruits. Thus it was concluded that the contamination found in the root samples and fruit samples vegetables samples was related to the contamination caused by the discharge of raw wastewater to the environment as the case of Wadi Al-Bathan in Al-Fra' catchment in the central Jordan Valley.
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as an aid for The determination of Cyanobacteria in surface water In Jericho.
(AL-Quds University, 2007-06-09) نهى حجازي محمد حجازي; NUHA HIJAZI MOHD HIJAZI; معتز القطب; عامر مرعي
The aim of this investigation is to study the possibility of using FTIR spectroscopy for monitoring water quality. Water samples from three sampling sites were collected; monthly samples around the year (January 2006 till January 2007) were collected from site I (Jericho Aquaculture pond) one sample from site II (Jericho agriculture pond). While one sample was collected from sampling site III which was Sulaiman pond. All of these samples have been screened by the microscope for any presented microorganisms. Microscope results showed that all water sample collected from site I and site II contain Oscillatoria (cyanobacteria), which was dominant all over the year in site I and in site II. This dominance is mainly due to high nutrient levels in Jericho aquaculture in addition to the environmental conditions that are suitable for this microorganism. In the water sample that was collected from site III no Oscillatoria was presented, but few types of invertebrates and other types of microorganisms. To check the validity of FTIR in determining the type and amount of these microorganisms all water samples have been checked by FTIR . Results of FTIR showed Oscillatoria fingerprint in all samples collected from site I and site II. A different fingerprint was obtained for sample from site III. A standard of Oscillatoria was prepared to compare results with, Oscillatoria standard spectrum was identical to all spectra of samples collected from site I and site II, but completely different fingerprints for site III. In the quantitative test: in order to study the optimization of FTIR in Quantitative analysis of microorganisms. The same water sample that was containing Oscillatoria was exposed to sunlight to enhance Oscillatoria growth for one week. Daily water sample with about 100ml volume of water was filtered. All dry samples collected on the filter paper were milled and prepared as Kbr disks for FTIR analysis. FTIR showed that when the quantity of Oscillatoria was increased (proliferation enhanced by continues exposure to sunlight) the absorbance was increased (Transmittance was decreased) which reflect the suitability of FTIR in quantitative determination of these microorganisms. Various porosity filter papers was used in another investigation the effect of the porosity of filter paper on the diversity of microorganism presented in water samples. Results showed that Oscillatoria fingerprints were clearly identified. The results of these investigations show that FTIR is very accurate in determination of water quality because it can determine type and amount of microorganism found in water, early determination of water quality will lead to sustainable critical water resources. A rapid inexpensive method for water quality determination like FTIR is strongly recommended.
Geochemical Provenance of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Case Study: Wadi Al-Ghar
(Al-Quds University, 2020-08-23) DOHA MAHMOUD MOHAMMAD AWWAD; ضحى محمود محمد عواد
Sedimentary rocks are considered as a historical record of the different conditions that pass through the region and its composition may be inferred from the development of origin and tectonic setting. Sedimentary rocks are influenced by many factors that create sediments such as chemical weather, climate, and transport. To understand and define the sedimentation environment and its sources, it is important to study geochemical properties. The purpose of this study is to monitor the transport of sediments from one area to another due to surface runoff operations in wadi Al-Ghar area, amount of rain that falls on the area. This study was conducted by estimating the rainfall amounts, then studying the chemical and physical properties of the moving sediments. Where wadi Al-Ghar region is exposed to deep floods from the surrounding areas, the study area was varied in elevation in the range of (400–1000) meters, the slope for the running water was 0.02. These floods affect the geological formation and the arrangement of sand dunes, which are basically sediments are moving from upstream to downstream area. For the methodology we have 48 sediment and runoff samples were collected during two years (2017-2018). The process of collecting samples was in two stages according to Palestine climate wet season (April-May) and dry season (Oct-Nov). Samples point were specified (X,Y,Z) at different altitudes in depth, as it took sediment samples along the stream of the channel more than once to compare the results with each other. The study was divided into several sections: quantities (rainfall) of precipitation, chemical and physical properties of sediments that moved, Rare earth element, isotopes (δ18O, δ13 C), organic carbon and total Nitrogen of both sediments and runoff. Results revealed that the wadi divided into five zones based on the names used in that region: Ma’aza, Am-Gresh, Arab rashayda, wadi al-masyada, Confluence of all wadie’s and Downstream. Based on the geological layers exposed in the study area and depending on the ages in which they were formed, the sedimentary rocks in the study area are similar to a part of the sedimentary rocks that formed in the late Cretaceous period, especially the Cenomanian and Toronian periods. Which covers the Hebron Mountains, and this refers to the erosion factors that were exposed to it, which led to its transmission through surface runoff and then deposition in the form of sedimentary dunes in wadi Al-Ghar. Furthermore it ; the results showed that the sediments are presently moving in the same area, and only a small part is transport to the central regions due to the surrounding influences. It is transmitted through various erosion factors such as slope, soil composition, rocks, geological shape and the difficult environmental conditions that the area is exposed to. Also, the results of the trace elements and the main elements confirm that the type of sediments present is dolomite which contains a high percentage of the following elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na), while the REE results were very few> 0.01. This was attributed to the inability to transport the elements by runoff. Surface and lack of a source for high sedimentary masses. Each of the isotopes O18 ((-2.97_ -4.17), δC13 (-6.24_ -2.97) confirmed the presence of limestone in the sediments. However, the values of TOC and TIC and TNb differ between the samples that were taken due to the different sources and their diversity. On the other hand, it was important to study weathering factors on sediments to understand their effect. It was observed that the ratio of CIW and PIW had a positive and disallowed index of Al motion, as opposed to the proportion of WIP >100 which had a negative index and allowed Al to move. Based on the results, the recommendations are summarized to install a meteorological station to monitor climate change and to take samples of surface runoff during the period of flash flood, while maintaining flow data for continuous periods to monitor erosion and sediment transport in the valley and to collect rainwater to measure rainfall quantities and analyze its chemical and physical properties. In addition to taking samples of sediments for a longer period along the valley to determine its characteristics and modes of movement.
Impact of Geopolitical Factors on Water Supply Management in Area C,South of Palestine
(Al-Quds University, 2020-08-15) Hayat A A Attawna; حياة عوض عبدالعزيز العطاونة
Water scarcity constitutes a major problem in Palestine due to population growth, rising living standards, climate change, and Israeli restrictions on water resources and sector development. There is particular urgency to address the water scarcity problems in Area C, one of the most water-deficit areas in the West Bank, Palestine. Most of the Palestinian communities in Area C are not connected to the water network because of the Israeli control and confiscation. As a result, water supply is limited to high-cost water tanks that can only meet basic humanitarian needs. This thesis examines the impact of geopolitical factors on local water management in the West Bank, focusing on Area C, and poses the question of whether these factors can be addressed as obstacles or opportunities for water management. To answer the research question, data was collected through document reviews, semi-structured interviews, and focus group meetings with representatives from the government, the private sector, and local and international non-governmental organizations. The collected data was analyzed using an analytical framework of contextual interdependencies and coding of data by using the Atlas.ti software. The results indicate that restrictions imposed by Israel in Area C, such as obstructing the implementation of projects, demolishing ongoing constructions, confiscating water tanks, and closing the roads to Palestinian communities, negatively impact water management, and have played a significant role in the reduction of support from some donors. On the other hand, there is no Palestinian official representation in Area C that could supervise water distribution and pricing. This results in a higher price of water in those areas, which depend on buying water from tankers. To overcome these constraints, non-governmental organizations use several coping strategies that address management, sustainability or the use of a certain technology. Finally, recommendations were made for all organizations involved in managing water in Palestine that should work together in a better way towards effective and sustainable management of water resources in Area C, and there should be integration in the functions and roles of the water sectors, both governmental and non-governmental organizations. These functions and roles should be represented by the Palestinian Water Authority
Plant Biodiversity and Nature Protection of the UNESCO Site of Battir Including Wadi Al-Makhrour.
(Al-Quds University, 2021-06-05) Israa Yousef Ahmad Al Shwawerah; اسراء يوسف أحمد الشواوره
Biodiversity is an essential element of human life as it provides economic, social, and environmental benefits. Plant biodiversity is a major element of the total biodiversity on planet Earth. Plants, with all species, constitute a breathing lung for the human being and other living animal kingdom. Conservation of biodiversity has become a major and urgent issue for humanity mainly due to the scientific observation its significant decline that is caused by the extensive industrialization and human errors in treating the environment. The environment is the major effect on biodiversity conservation, therefore, keeping healthy environment guarantees sustainable biodiversity. Battir and Wadi Al-Makhrour represent the biodiversity of the Bethlehem area of Palestine. This research is a study to provide a list of all the plants that constitute plant biodiversity in the latter, provide an evaluation for the water quality that comes out of the natural springs in the former as well as an analysis for the soil in Battir to provide an analysis for its constituents of minerals and heavy metals. The main aim of this research is to investigate the water and soil quality in order to identify any problems that may affect the conservation of the plant diversity in those areas. The analysis of the three activities were analysed and revealed that a) plants in Wadi Al-Makhrour were diverse and distributed in such a manner that some plants were present along the trail from start to finish, many of the plants were of medical use. b) the water test showed that the water that come out from the natural springs are free from both Fecal and Total Coliform, however, BOD showed that water was polluted with organic matter. Heavy metals measurements were within the allowed percentages quoted by the WHO and the Palestinian Authority standards. d) The soil test results showed that the soil of Battir is mainly Tarra Rossa origins and that the soil types are mainly Clay in both areas with Silty Clay resting on Dolomite rock in one sample. The other sample was on Limestone rock and with the same soil types. The color of the soil samples was the same. TOC showed that both places were of the same level of contamination. pH levels were alkaline. Battir village, as this study revealed suffers from persisting underground pollution due to the use of cesspits as a wastewater system which allows contaminated water to infiltrate into the underground which may well hit the aquifers. Data must be then brought to the attention of decision-makers and stakeholders in order to obtain support from the local surrounding communities. Keywords: biodiversity, environment, Battir, Wadi Al-Makhrour, conservation, sustainability.
Probiotic Aquaculture Techniques for Fish Production in Jericho (Palestine)
(Al-Quds University, 2022-05-11) Samer Munawar Mohammad Jebreen; سامر منور محمد جبرين
خلال السنوات الأخيرة ومنذ أكثر من ستين عاما كانت هناك محاولات عديدة لتربية الأسماك في الضفة الغربية وغالبيتها لم يكتب لها النجاح بسبب تحكم الاحتلال بمصادر المياه ومصادر الأسماك بشكل عام وكان لذلك اثرا سلبيا كبيرا على الثروة المائية والحياة الزراعية وبالأخص الثروة السمكية التي تعتبر شبه معدومة في الضفة الغربية ويعود ذلك الى شح المياه، نقص الخبرة، تكاليف الاستثمار في هذا المجال والمنافسة الشرسة لمنتجات المستوطنات والاحتلال. الأسماك التي تم دراستها بتاريخ 20/3/2020 م، من الأسماك المهمة والتي تحتل المرتبة الثالثة من حيث جودتها، تربيتها، تحملها للظروف البيئية واحتوائها على مصدر جيد من البروتين والعناصر الغذائية. من الضروري ان يتم تنشيط القطاع السمكي في الضفة الغربية لما لذلك من أهمية كبيرة على مختلف الأصعدة السياسية، الاقتصادية، الثقافية والتغذية والتي تخص كل مزارع ومواطن. أجريت هذه الدراسة لإيجاد تقنيات جديدة وغير مكلفة تستخدم في تربية الأسماك بحيث تصل نسبة التغيير اليومي للمياه للصفر، تقلل استهلاك العلف، حيث تم استهلاك 211 كغم من العلف الطافي (بروتين 35%) خلال فترة التجربة (125) يوما وتزيد الكثافة السمكية ضمن المتر المكعب الواحد حيث تم وضع 200 سمكة في 5 متر مكعب من المياه في حوض الخمائر مقارنة بالأحواض الأخرى (150) سمكة فقط وتم تغذية الاحواض الثلاثة باستخدام نفس كمية العلف والذي نتج عنه استهلاك كمية علف اقل في حوض الخمائر. تم تجهيز ثلاثة احواض اسمنتية بسعة ستة متر مكعب لكل حوض لأجراء هذه التجربة في منطقة اريحا حيث تم استخدام الخمائر لتغذية البكتيريا التي تساهم في التخلص من المركبات النيتروجينية السامة وتوفير بيئة ملائمة. تم استخدام سمك البلطي (المشط) في التجربة لتوفره وملائمته للظروف المتوفرة في المنطقة دون الاخذ بعين الاعتبار الجنس. من خلال مراقبة الأسماك والبيئة المائية أظهرت التجربة نتائج إيجابية وفعالية جيدة لهذه الخمائر وكانت تراكيز الامونيوم والنترات في حوض الخمائر اقل من الحدود المسموح بها وكذلك باقي الاحواض. تقنية الخمائر توفر بيئة ملائمة لتربية الأسماك وكان اقبال السمك على العلف مناسبا حيث، تمكنت الأسماك من التعايش وحققت نموا جيدا ولم تحدث أي علامات على الاجهاد. استخدام هذه التقنية في منطقة الضفة الغربية كفيل بان يساعد على الاستثمار في مجال الثروة السمكية الذي بدوره يساعد في توفير اسماك محلية للمستهلك الفلسطيني وبالتالي تطوير ثقافة التغذية ليرفع بذلك كمية استهلاك الفرد الفلسطيني من الأسماك. ومن خلال هذه الدراسة، نستنتج أن هناك تقنيات عديدة لتربية الأسماك دون استنزاف الموارد المحلية وخاصة تقنية الخمائر التي تقلص استهلاك المياه الى حدود قصوى، تقلل استهلاك العلف وتزيد الكثافة السمكية ضمن الحوض الواحد مما اضاف قيمة اقتصادية جيدة قد تساعد في تطوير الاستزراع السمكي في الضفة الغربية. توضح هذه الورقة المعرفة الحالية باستخدام الخمائر في تربية الأحياء المائية، وسوابقها، وإجراءات السلامة التي يجب تنفيذها، وتناقش آفاق الدراسة في هذا المجال.
Production of Spirulina platensis using Cheap Local Resources in Palestine
(Al-Quds University, 2022-05-07) Imad Walid Abed Alrahman Aljabali; عماد وليد عبد الرحمن الجبالي
In this study five main experiments were used with different treatments to evaluate the possibility of the cheap aquaculture water such as Tilapia effluents to be used for Spirulinaproduction, and to test if solutions made by plant ash be used for Spirulinaproduction, also if brackish water and mining water have a good impact on Spirulina production, and to create a medium composed of cheap chemicals and fertilizers to be used for Spirulina cultivation, and to test if a mix made from local components be useful to produce Spirulina or not. All experiments were monitored through growth and dry weight measurements including chemical and physical characteristics for the samples with a comparison with Zarrouk medium as a reference used for each experiment alone while all experiments were done for a period of 21 days to find the best media type that stay longer for commercial purposes. In all experiments, pH values were between 8 and 11, and EC was between 9.8-30 mS/cm, while temperature was at 30 ᵒC and 35 ᵒC, and light was at 1500 and 5000 Lux for 16h light and 8h dark. The first experiment was done to evaluate the possibility of using wastewater from Tilapia-fish ponds in ADS to cultivate Spirulina. In this experiment, both treatments began with low concentrations, and the initial absorbance around 0.5 at 880nm. ZM tripled after 8 days while FW doubled in the same period and both treatments stayed at the same level till the end of the experiment. This experiment showed that Spirulina can grow in FW in a similar way like ZM with a price of 0.0015 ILS/L for FW compared to 8.9625 ILS/L for ZM. The second experiment was done through running treatments of fish wastewater, diluted brackish water, plant ash solution, and a mix of them. In this experiment, all treatments began with low concentrations as in experiment one with absorbance around 0.6 at 880nm and most of it tripled after 14 days, and ZM was the lowest one among all; so, from this experiment FW, diluted BW, PAS 3% or a mix of it could be used to cultivate Spirulina with a very cheap price compared to ZM. The third experiment was conducted to evaluate the same components as in experiment two with some modification and addition of new treatments such as mining water and creating new chemical mediums as IMJ and IMJ-1. In this experiment, all treatments began with high concentration with absorbance range between 1.6-1.9 at 880nm for all types. ZM and IMJ were the best types among all other treatments. FW stayed at the same level for the first week and began to grow with fluctuation curve till the end of the experiment. IMJ with a price of 3.66 ILS/L is lower than ZM and could be a good alternative source. The fourth experiment was run at the same time of experiment five. It was a comparison between ZM and IMJ-2. In this experiment, both treatments began with a moderate concentration with absorbance reading of 1.25 at 880nm. ZM doubled nearly after 14 days while IMJ-2 raised by 1.76 times at the same period. IMJ-2 was better than ZM till day 10 and a clear difference shown after that. IMJ-2 with a price of 1.38 ILS/L is lower than ZM and could be a very good cheap alternative source. The fifth experiment was a comparison between ZM, FW, and the following types FW:BW (9:1), FW:MW (9:1), FW:PAS-3% (9:1), FW:IMJ-1 (9:1), and a mix composed of FW:(BW+MW+PAS-3%+IMJ-1) (9:1). In this experiment, all treatments began with moderate concentrations with absorbance around 1.25 at 880nm. ZM and Mix were the best types, while ZM, Mix, and FW:IMJ-1 took a similar behavior until day 10. According to the results of the dry weight we found that it was not representative for the growth of Spirulina, and the reason is still unclear. All treatments that used in this study had lower cost than Zarrouk medium and with some optimization its’ quality could be better. The main result that was obtained from all the experiments in this study is the ability of Spirulina to grow within a wide range of chemical parameters with a cheaper price. Therefore, this study recommends the use of water from fish farming in the production of spirulina after its examination.
radium isotopes concentration in groundwater of Bethlehem- Hebron districts
(AL-Quds University, 2010-05-10) ريتا نجيب ابراهيم الياس; Rita Najeeb Ibrahim Elias; عامر مرعي; jawad hassan; saed al- khayat
Substituting protein sources for Tilapia with local food ingredients, a first step for introducing its culture in Palestine
(AL-Quds University, 2007-06-16) شيرين زكريا علي شهاب; SHEREEN ZAKAREA ALI SHIHAB; معتز القطب; Hassan Dweik; Renata Mashal
Surveillance of the Microbiological Quality in Indoor Public Swimming Pools in Bethlehem, Palestine
(Al-Quds University, 2021-05-30) Nihad Kamal Ahmad Alassa; نهاد كمال احمد العصا
Swimming is an important recreational activity in most people, there is a high demand for the use of swimming pools, which makes them more susceptible to microbes and be a vector of infectious diseases, thus increasing the percentage of injuries and risks caused by their use. Accordingly, preventive measures and measures must be put in place to reduce the risk of these places. So we have done frequent microbiological tests of swimming pool water, where the biological factor is an indication of the health of the water and make it safer when using, the greatest damage is biological. In this research we dealt with the three most important microbial tests approved by the Palestinian Ministry of Health and global health, namely total heterotrophic count, psedomonace and E-coli. The aims of research are investigate the microbiological quality of indoor swimming pools water by using conventional heterotrophice plate count and polymerase chain reaction, and to investigate the compliance of swimming pools water with environmental and puplic healthy agencies requierments, guidelines, and regulations. The samples taken showed that the bacteria screening of all pool samples did not exceed the standards approved by the Palestinian Ministry of Health and World Health Organization. But check been showed that 8.3% of the sample is not matching the criteria adopted in the pools A, B and E for pseudomonas, and in pool C presented in 66% of the sample were not accepted but presented about 40% in pool D which were not acceptable to Palestinian criteria. As for the E. coli bacteria, they appeared in one sample each in A, B and C, while Pool E was clean and did not appear in any sample. Quite the opposite in Pool D which had the presence of E.coli in two samples. And for the first time, we did a polymerase chain reaction of these samples, to confirm the presence of these types of bacteria, in addition to knowing the microbes that were present in the pool before. We also took samples from the backwash of the filters and were examined by polymerase chain reaction and we noticed the presence of numbers of bacteria common between the samples and thus confirm the passage of swimming pool water, so the result is interrelated between the pool and the filter and the relationship is strong between them in getting better results for swimming pool السباحة من أهم النشاطات الترفيهية التي تلقى أقبالا كبيرا من قبل الناس خاصة خلال فترة الصيف للاستجمام وقضاء أوقات ممتعه خلال فترة الصيف, حيث يكون استخدام المسابح في الذروة. هذا الاستخدام المفرط لحمامات السباحه يجعل البرك وسط ناقل للميكروبات وللأمراض المعدية, وبالتالي أعتبرنا المسابح مكان يسبب الخطر وينتج عنه أصابات في حالة الأستخدام غير السليم. لذلك تم وضع معايير وأجراءات وتدابير وقائيه من قبل وزارة الصحة الفلسطينية التي تساعد على تقليل التلوث الميكروبي داخل المسابح, حيث تقوم الصحة بعمل فحوصات دورية للمسابح للكشف عن انواع من الميكروبات التي يعتبر وجودها في الماء من الدلائل على عدم نظافتها. حيث يعتبر العامل الميكروبي من اهم العوامل التي تحدد مدى صحة وسلامة مياه المسابح. الهدف من هذه الدراسة كان تقييم لمدى سلامة المسابح الداخلية من التلوث الميكروبي, كانت بأستخدام طريقتين الاولى الطريقه التقليديه لفحص البكتيريا حيث قمنا بفحص ثلاث انواع من البكتيريا وهي البكتيريا البرازيه والتي تدل على مدى نظافة الماء ,و بكتيريا الزيدومونس الذي يعطي مؤشر على كفاءة عملية التعقيم داخل المسبح وفحص للبكتيريا الكلية وذلك بزراعة البكتيريا في الاجار المناسب لها. أما الطريقه الثانيه فهي تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل الذي يعتبر أكثر دقه وذلك لانه لا يحتاج الى وجود بكيتريا حية وأنما نستطيع الكشف عن وجودها بواسطة الجين الوراثي بعمل تضخيم وتحديد نوع البكتيريا الموجودة. ومن خلال النتائج تبين أن معظم العينات قد توافقت مع المعايير الفلسطينيه والعالميه, لكن ظهر عدم توافق في عينه واحدة من العينات في المسابح E, B ,Aلوجود بكتيريا الزيدومونس, وتبين ان المسبح C قد ظهرت في ثمانية عينات, أما المسبح D فقد ظهرت في خمس عينات. أما البكتيريا القولونية فقد ظهرت في عينة واحدة في كل من المسبح A,B,C , وظهرت في عينتين في المسبح D , وكان المسبح E خاليا من البكتيريا القولونيه. لكن البكتيريا الكلية كانت ظاهرة في جميع العينات لجميع المسابح. نتائج PCR جاءت متوافقه مع البكتيريا التي تم زراعتها حيث أظهرت النتائج لكل مسبح القراءات لكل نوع بكتيريا ومدى توافقه مع سلامة المسبح وتلوثه بالميكروب, فهذه الطريقه تعطي نتائج أدق وأكثر تفصيلا لنوع وكمية الملوثات في المياه. أيضا أضفنا لهذا البحث نوع جديد من العينات حيث قمنا بأخذ مياه الغسيل العكسي للفلاتر التي في الاصل تكون ملوثة بالميكروب الموجود في المسبح وقمنا بعمل فحص ال PCR لنؤكد على ان نوع البكتيريا الموجود في المسبح يتواجد أيضا في الفلاتر, حيث أظهرت نتائج هذا الفحص للمسابح A,B توافقها مع نتائج مياه المسبح.
Sustainable agriculture solution for saline soil and brackish water-based irrigation
(Al-Quds University, 2023-11-30) Sobhi Salah Sobhi Yaghi; صبحي صلاح صبحي ياغي
Salinity is one of the most brutal environmental factors limiting the productivity of crop plants. High rates of evapotranspiration, excessive fertilizer use, and inadequate irrigation water quality are the key contributors to the salinization problem in Jordan Valley. On the other hand, the wastewater treatment plants could produce sludge that is a good source of plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. One of the solutions is the use of Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to utilize nutrients and modify them to be more soluble for plants in the soil to absorb that and usage. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of sludge and PGPR application on saline soil and examine the effect of irrigation with fresh and brackish water on the development of three selected crops: Wheat, Ponicam, and Corn. For this study, twenty-four lines of pipes were distributed on 3 Dunums, where six trials/lines were used for separate treatment: control trials, PGPR trials, Sludge trials, and a mix between Sludge and PGPR trials. Each treatment contained three trials of wheat, corn, and ponicam, and was rinsed with fresh and brackish water in each trial separately. The study was conducted at the Arab Development Society, where sludge samples were brought from the Jericho Wastewater Treatment Plant. The study spanned a duration of ninety days, during which measurements were taken from three distinct periods: 14, 30, and 90 days. Plant measurements were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA at p < 0.05. Results revealed that applying all treatments had no significant mean difference at p < 0.05, where p value was greater than 0.05, for wheat and ponicam but show a significant value for corn, where p value was lower than 0.05, for each plant stem length and width, plant leaf number, plant leaf length, and width. Notably, control treatments exhibited lower measurements for all of parameters compared to the treated samples. After being exposed to PGPR and sludge without fertigation, the plant's health and productivity was improved due to the available elements being supplied to the plant after the action of PGPR on the sludge. This enhancement was evidenced by an increased number of leaves, wider stems, and longer stems observed after a 90-day period. Salt ion measurements in plant tissues show higher sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) concentrations in PGPR and sludge-treated crops compared to the control for corn, wheat, and ponicam. The study recommends the use of PGPR and sludge with fresh water for corn irrigation and suggests further research on Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) and sludge applications. In conclusion, coated seeds irrigated with brackish water exhibit efficiency in overcoming salinity stress, and the addition of sewage sludge partially alleviates the negative impact of salinity stress on plant growth.
Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMWW) Using Variable Coagulants with super Flocculants
(Al-Quds University, 2018-05-06) Jamila Zhran Ibrahim Zhran; جميلة زهران إبراهيم زهران
Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) management has been a major issue of environmental concern for olive oil producing countries. In Palestine, the problem of untreated OMWW discharge is urgent. Several hundred thousand cubic meters of untreated WW is discharged into open areas (wadies) and cesspools whereas the solid waste (olive husk) is dumped into lands nearby the olive mills without treatment. This increases the risk of contaminating soil, surface water resources, and groundwater aquifers. The negative environmental impact of OMWW is attributed to poor biodegradation and toxicity of polyphenols present in OMWW. In this study, sample of OMWW were collected in October 2016 from Al-Qubayba village in the middle part of west bank (north western of Jerusalem), the level of pollution and their impact on the environment has been determined by measuring physical and chemical properties of OMWW such as: COD, pH, EC, TDS, TSS, TPs. The results revealed that the OMWW have a high risk on environment due to the high phenols concentration that exceeds the maximum allowable limits for discharge to environment or to the sanitary sewer system according to Palestinian standards. The treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) by means of coagulation–flocculation coupling various inorganic materials in different dose and organic polyacrylamide (PAM) was investigated. With respect to their efficiency in terms of total phenols removal and the effect of OMWW application on soil water drop penetration time test (WDPT).

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