دور القاضي في تحقيق التوازن في العقد المدني
Date
2023-06-14
Authors
سرين محمد شحادة برهم
Sereen Mohammed Shehadeh Barham
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
جاءت هذه الدراسة، لتتناول موضوع نطاق سلطة القاضي في تعديل العقد، وهو الموضوع الذي يعتبر أحد أهم موضوعات القانون المدني، ذلك أن ما يتناوله القاضي بالتعديل هو العقد، الذي يعتبر وسيلة الإنسان الأشهر في تداول السلع والمنافع.
وللعقد، قوة ملزمة تعادل في إلزاميتها قوة النص القانوني، بحيث إذا انعقد العقد صحيحاً، مكتمل الاركان، أمتنع على أي من المتعاقدين أن ينفرد في نقضه وتعديله، كذلك الأمر بالنسبة للقاضي المتوجب عليه رعاية هذه البنود، طبقاً لمبدأي "العقد شريعة المتعاقدين" و"مبدأ سلطان الارادة"، إلا أن عوامل التطور الاقتصادي والاجتماعي، وغيرها من العوامل، قد أبرزت عيوب هذين المبدأين، ومخاطر الأخذ بهما على إطلاقهما، وهو الحال الذي أوجب أن يخضع هذين المبدأين، إلى عدد من القيود التي يجب أن تتوافق مع المصالح الاجتماعية، ومنحت كذلك للقاضي سلطة تعديل العقد، بسبب ما قد يتضمنه من شروط تعسفية، أو ما وقع فيه احد المتعاقدين من غبنٍ، بعد قيامه بهذا التعاقد.
ومن المعلوم أن سلطة القاضي لدى مراجعته للعقود، تتصف بأهميتها وضرورتها، بالنظر إلى أنها تهدف إلى حماية الطرف الضعيف في العقد.
ويظهر دور القاضي في تعديل العقد، بمرحلتين: أولهما مرحلة تكوين العقد. وثانيهما مرحلة تنفيذ العقد. ففي المرحلة الأولى، يكون للقاضي سلطة تعديل العقد، متى وجد فيه خللاً بالتوازن بين مراكز أطرافه، كحالة الغبن أو الاستغلال لأحد المتعاقدين، أو أن يوصف أحد بنود العقد بالشرط التعسفي، فيكون للقاضي أن يبطل العقد، أو يزيل الغبن الذي شابه، فينقص من التزامات الطرف المغبون، وله أن يستخدم غير ذلك من الوسائل التي تؤدي إلى ذات النتيجة، كأن يعدل الشروط التعسفية في عقود الإذعان، أو أن يعفي الطرف المذعن منها.
أما في مرحلة تنفيذ العقد، فقد منح القانون للقاضي سلطة تقديرية واسعة، في سبيل إعادة التوازن للعقد وإزالة أي إجحاف بحق الطرف الضعيف فيه ففي الظروف الطارئة، أي تلك التي لم تكن متوقعةً عند إبرام العقد، ويكون من شأنها أن تلحق خسارةً كبيرةً بأحد طرفي العقد، فللقاضي اعمال نظرية الظروف الطارئة، برد الالتزام المرهق الى الحد المعقول.
وفيما يتصل بالتعويض الاتفاقي (الشرط الجزائي)، وهو الاتفاق الذي يلتزم بمقتضاه أحد الأطراف بتعويض الطرف الاخر، في حال أخل الأول بتنفيذ التزامه أو تأخر عنه بوجه الحق الضرر بالآخر، فللقاضي سلطة تعديل التعويض، إما بتخفيض مبلغ التعويض، أو بزيادة التعويض الاتفاقي، وفقاً لحجم الضرر الذي لحق بالمتعاقد الآخر.
This study came to deal with the issue of the scope of the judge's authority in amending the contract, which is considered one of the most important topics of the civil law, because what the judge deals with in amending is the contract, which is considered the most popular human means in the circulation of goods and benefits. The contract has a binding force equivalent in its obligatory force to the force of the legal text, so that if the contract is valid and complete, it is forbidden for any of the contracting parties to unilaterally veto it and amend it. The principle of the authority of the will.” However, the factors of economic and social development, and other factors, have highlighted the shortcomings of these two principles, and the dangers of adopting them at all, which is the case that necessitated that these two principles be subject to a number of restrictions that must be compatible with social interests. The judge also has the authority to amend the contract, due to the arbitrary conditions it may contain, or the unfairness that one of the contracting parties has committed, after making this contract. It is known that the authority of the judge, when reviewing contracts, is characterized by its importance and necessity, given that it aims to protect the weak party in the contract. The role of the judge in amending the contract appears in two phases: the first is the formation phase of the contract. The second stage is the implementation phase of the contract. In the first stage, the judge has the authority to amend the contract, when he finds in it an imbalance between the centers of its parties, such as in the case of unfairness or exploitation of one of the contracting parties, or if one of the terms of the contract is described as arbitrary, so the judge has the right to invalidate the contract, or remove the unfairness that tainted it, and it decreases the obligations The aggrieved party may use other means that lead to the same result, such as amending the arbitrary conditions in contracts of adhesion, or exempting the obedient party from them. As for the implementation stage of the contract, the law granted the judge wide discretionary power, in order to restore balance to the contract and remove any prejudice against the weak party in it. In the contract, the judge may work on the theory of emergency circumstances by returning the burdensome obligation to a reasonable extent. With regard to the compensation agreement (the penal clause), which is the agreement by which one of the parties is obligated to compensate the other party, in the event that the first breaches the implementation of his obligation or delays it in the face of the right to harm the other, the judge has the power to amend the compensation, either by reducing the amount of compensation, or by increasing the agreement compensation, according to for the amount of damage sustained by the other contractor.
This study came to deal with the issue of the scope of the judge's authority in amending the contract, which is considered one of the most important topics of the civil law, because what the judge deals with in amending is the contract, which is considered the most popular human means in the circulation of goods and benefits. The contract has a binding force equivalent in its obligatory force to the force of the legal text, so that if the contract is valid and complete, it is forbidden for any of the contracting parties to unilaterally veto it and amend it. The principle of the authority of the will.” However, the factors of economic and social development, and other factors, have highlighted the shortcomings of these two principles, and the dangers of adopting them at all, which is the case that necessitated that these two principles be subject to a number of restrictions that must be compatible with social interests. The judge also has the authority to amend the contract, due to the arbitrary conditions it may contain, or the unfairness that one of the contracting parties has committed, after making this contract. It is known that the authority of the judge, when reviewing contracts, is characterized by its importance and necessity, given that it aims to protect the weak party in the contract. The role of the judge in amending the contract appears in two phases: the first is the formation phase of the contract. The second stage is the implementation phase of the contract. In the first stage, the judge has the authority to amend the contract, when he finds in it an imbalance between the centers of its parties, such as in the case of unfairness or exploitation of one of the contracting parties, or if one of the terms of the contract is described as arbitrary, so the judge has the right to invalidate the contract, or remove the unfairness that tainted it, and it decreases the obligations The aggrieved party may use other means that lead to the same result, such as amending the arbitrary conditions in contracts of adhesion, or exempting the obedient party from them. As for the implementation stage of the contract, the law granted the judge wide discretionary power, in order to restore balance to the contract and remove any prejudice against the weak party in it. In the contract, the judge may work on the theory of emergency circumstances by returning the burdensome obligation to a reasonable extent. With regard to the compensation agreement (the penal clause), which is the agreement by which one of the parties is obligated to compensate the other party, in the event that the first breaches the implementation of his obligation or delays it in the face of the right to harm the other, the judge has the power to amend the compensation, either by reducing the amount of compensation, or by increasing the agreement compensation, according to for the amount of damage sustained by the other contractor.