النّشاط المعماريّ وتطوّر المسجد الأقصى المُبارك مُنذ الفتح الإسلاميّ حتى نهاية الدّولة الأُمويّة/ دراسة معماريّة تاريخيّة (15-132هـ/ 636 - 750م)
Date
2023-05-22
Authors
شروق وليد عيسى
Shorouq Walid Issa
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
موضوع هذه الدّراسة، كما حدده عُنوانها، هو النّشاط المعماريّ الذي حدث في منطقة المسجد الأقصى المُبارك، منذ الفتح العربيّ الإسلاميّ لمدينة القدس في عام 15هـ/ 636م وحتى نهاية الدّولة الأموية في 132هـ/ 750م، وهذا استلزم بعد إيضاح مشكلة الدّراسة وأهدافها ومبرّراتها وفرضيّاتها ومراجعة مقتضبة للأدبيّات التي اعتمد عليها، أن يتطرّق البحث إلى قضيّة هامّة وحسّاسة تتعلّق بما جرى في منطقة المسجد الأقصى المبارك من نشاط معماري منذ هدم المدينة الكامل على يد تيطس في عام 70م، وحتى ليلة الفتح الإسلامي للمدينة. وهذه فترة شائكة، امتدت حوالي خمسة قرون ونصف، وأغلب من تعرض لها في الدّراسة والبحث، كان من العُلماء الغربيّين، وعليه فإنّ دراساتهم، فضلاً عن أنها تحتاج إلى تمحيص، فإنّها أيضاً كُتبت بعدّة لغات لم تكن العربيّة منها. دوافع جلاء هذا الأمر، مرتبط بما يُحاك للأقصى من خططٍ لطمسه ومن ثمّ تجريده من شخصيّته المعماريّة العربيّة الإسلاميّة.
كما اهتمت الدّارسة بالتّصدي لتحقيق ما ورد من تفسيرات ومعلومات تخصّ معجزة الإسراء والمعراج فيما يتعلق بما تمّ وصفه هل يخصّ مدينة القدس أو موقع المسجد الأقصى، وكيف يمكن أن نوفق بين ما ثبت من خلو منطقة المسجد الأقصى من أيّ نشاط معماري منذ هدم المدينة على يد تيطس وحتى الفتح الإسلامي وبين ما ورد من وصف للمنطقة في شرح وتفسير وتفصيل معجزة الإسراء والمعراج.
واهتمت الدّراسة ببحث وتتبّع أوّل نشاط معماريّ تمّ في المنطقة بهدف أسلمة المنطقة، والذي تمثّل في بناء مسجدٍ بأوامر من الخليفة عمر بن الخطّاب، وتمّ بيان ماهيّة هذا المسجد وماذا بقي منه من عمارة.
تناولت الدّراسة أيضاً العلاقة التي ربطت بين الخليفة الأمويّ معاوية بن أبي سفيان والقدس، وإذا ما نفّذ أيّة مشاريع معماريّة في المنطقة.
وتتبّعت هذه الدّراسة جهود الخليفة عبد الملك بن مروان المعماريّة في المسجد الأقصى، هذه الجهود التي تبيّن أنها خطّة طويلة الأمد وقد أنجز فيها أهمّ وأعظم نشاط معماريّ أعطى المسجد الأقصى صِبغته الإسلاميّة وصياغته المعماريّة المشهدية التي لا تزال قائمة إلى اليوم، ببناء قُبّة الصّخرة المُشرّفة وعدد من القِباب المُحيطة بها مثل قُبّة السّلسلة، مع مجموعة من البوائك والأبواب، والاهتمام بالأسوار والبنى التحتيّة، علاوة على إعادة بناء ما شرع فيه عمر بن الخطّاب بإنشاء الجامع الأقصى ولتكتمل جوانب الدّراسة، تمّ البحث فيما أنجز من أعمال معماريّة، بعد عهد عبد الملك وتعلّق بإنجازات الخليفة الوليد، وبما نُسب إليه من ترميم أو إكمال للجامع الأقصى، وبناءٍ للقصور الأموية.
ولتحقيق وتتبّع النّشاط المعماريّ الإسلاميّ وتطوّره في منطقة المسجد الأقصى المُبارك، مُنذ لحظة فتح مدينة القدس وحتى انتهاء الخلافة الأُمويّة، سعت الباحثة إلى اعتماد للمنهج التّاريخيّ والوصفيّ، وقد قامت بجمع ما تفرّق من معلومات للوصول لصورة عن المسجد الأقصى المُبارك خلال هذه الفترة، فبتتبُّع الأحداث التّاريخيّة مقرونة لما كُتب في كتب الفضائل عن وصف للمكان في فترات الدّراسة استطاعت الدّراسة سرد النّشاط العماري في منطقة المسجد الأقصى المُبارك والوصول لصورة مُتخيّلة قريبة للواقع لكيفيّة شكله، رغم قلّة المصادر وخاصّة المصادر التي باللغة العربيّة التي تناولت هذه الفترة.
وقد زوّدت الدّراسة بمجموعة من اللوحات والأشكال، وقائمة بالمصادر والمراجع التي تمّ الاستفادة منها، علاوة على خاتمة ومجموعة من التوصيات.
The subject of this study, as determined by its title, is the architectural activity that took place in the area of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, since the Arab Islamic conquest of the city of Jerusalem in the year 15 AH / 636 AD until the end of the Umayyad dynasty in 132 AH / 750 AD. This necessitated, after clarifying the problem of the study, its objectives, justifications, and hypotheses, and a brief review of the literature on which it relied, that the research address an important and sensitive issue related to the architectural activity that took place in the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque area since the complete destruction of the city by Titus in the year 70 AD, until the night of the Islamic conquest of the city. This is a thorny period, which spanned about five and a half centuries, and most of those who were exposed to it in study and research were Western scholars, and therefore their studies, in addition to requiring scrutiny, were also written in several languages that were not Arabic. The motives for this matter are associated with the plans being hatched for Al-Aqsa to obliterate it and then strip it of its Arab-Islamic architectural character. The study also interested in investigating the interpretations and information received about the miracle of Isra and Mi'raj with regard to what was described, whether it pertains to the city of Jerusalem or the location of Al-Aqsa Mosque, and how can we reconcile what has been proven that the area of Al-Aqsa Mosque was free of any architectural activity since the destruction of the city by Titus until the Islamic conquest with what has been reported about the description of the area in explaining, interpreting and detailing the miracle of Isra and Mi'raj. The study focused on researching and tracking the first architectural activity that took place in the region with the aim of Islamizing the region, which was represented in building a mosque on the orders of Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab. The study also dealt with the relationship between the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and Jerusalem, and if he implemented any architectural projects in the region. This study followed the architectural efforts of the Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in Al-Aqsa Mosque, these efforts, which turned out to be a long-term plan, in which he accomplished the most important and greatest architectural activity that gave Al-Aqsa Mosque its Islamic character and its scenic architectural formulation that still exists today, by building the Dome of the Rock and a number of the domes surrounding it, such as the Dome of the Chain, with a group of albawayik (Arcades) and gates, and attention to the walls and infrastructure, in addition to the reconstruction of what Omar Ibn Al-Khattab initiated in the construction of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. To complete the aspects of the study, the architectural works that were accomplished after the era of Abd al-Malik were discussed and related to the achievements of the Caliph Al-Walid, and the restoration or completion of Al-Aqsa Mosque attributed to him, and the construction of the Umayyad palaces. In order to investigate and trace the Islamic architectural activity and its development in the area of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, from the moment of the conquest of the city of Jerusalem until the end of the Umayyad Caliphate, the researcher sought to adopt the historical and descriptive approach, and she collected the dispersed information to reach a picture of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque during this period. By tracing the historical events coupled with what was written in the Books of Virtues on a description of the place during the study periods, the study was able to narrate the construction activity in the area of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque and reach an imagined picture close to the reality of how it looked, despite the lack of sources, especially those in Arabic that dealt with this period. The study was provided with a set of panels and figures, a list of sources and references that were used, in addition to a conclusion and a set of recommendations
The subject of this study, as determined by its title, is the architectural activity that took place in the area of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, since the Arab Islamic conquest of the city of Jerusalem in the year 15 AH / 636 AD until the end of the Umayyad dynasty in 132 AH / 750 AD. This necessitated, after clarifying the problem of the study, its objectives, justifications, and hypotheses, and a brief review of the literature on which it relied, that the research address an important and sensitive issue related to the architectural activity that took place in the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque area since the complete destruction of the city by Titus in the year 70 AD, until the night of the Islamic conquest of the city. This is a thorny period, which spanned about five and a half centuries, and most of those who were exposed to it in study and research were Western scholars, and therefore their studies, in addition to requiring scrutiny, were also written in several languages that were not Arabic. The motives for this matter are associated with the plans being hatched for Al-Aqsa to obliterate it and then strip it of its Arab-Islamic architectural character. The study also interested in investigating the interpretations and information received about the miracle of Isra and Mi'raj with regard to what was described, whether it pertains to the city of Jerusalem or the location of Al-Aqsa Mosque, and how can we reconcile what has been proven that the area of Al-Aqsa Mosque was free of any architectural activity since the destruction of the city by Titus until the Islamic conquest with what has been reported about the description of the area in explaining, interpreting and detailing the miracle of Isra and Mi'raj. The study focused on researching and tracking the first architectural activity that took place in the region with the aim of Islamizing the region, which was represented in building a mosque on the orders of Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab. The study also dealt with the relationship between the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and Jerusalem, and if he implemented any architectural projects in the region. This study followed the architectural efforts of the Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in Al-Aqsa Mosque, these efforts, which turned out to be a long-term plan, in which he accomplished the most important and greatest architectural activity that gave Al-Aqsa Mosque its Islamic character and its scenic architectural formulation that still exists today, by building the Dome of the Rock and a number of the domes surrounding it, such as the Dome of the Chain, with a group of albawayik (Arcades) and gates, and attention to the walls and infrastructure, in addition to the reconstruction of what Omar Ibn Al-Khattab initiated in the construction of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. To complete the aspects of the study, the architectural works that were accomplished after the era of Abd al-Malik were discussed and related to the achievements of the Caliph Al-Walid, and the restoration or completion of Al-Aqsa Mosque attributed to him, and the construction of the Umayyad palaces. In order to investigate and trace the Islamic architectural activity and its development in the area of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, from the moment of the conquest of the city of Jerusalem until the end of the Umayyad Caliphate, the researcher sought to adopt the historical and descriptive approach, and she collected the dispersed information to reach a picture of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque during this period. By tracing the historical events coupled with what was written in the Books of Virtues on a description of the place during the study periods, the study was able to narrate the construction activity in the area of the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque and reach an imagined picture close to the reality of how it looked, despite the lack of sources, especially those in Arabic that dealt with this period. The study was provided with a set of panels and figures, a list of sources and references that were used, in addition to a conclusion and a set of recommendations