الآثار القانونية لانضمام فلسطين إلى منظمة التجارة العالمية
Date
2024-02-14
Authors
علي محمد طه معطان
Ali Muhammad Maatan
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء ومحاولة رصد الآثار القانونية المترتبة على انضمام فلسطين إلى منظمة التجارة العالمية؛ ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة، تم الاعتماد على المنهج الاستشرافي؛ وهو استراتيجية بحث تركز على التنبؤ بالنتائج المستقبلية بناءً على الاتجاهات الحالية وتحليل البيانات. سلطت الدراسة الضوء على العديد من القوانين ذات العلاقة بمبادئ منظمة التجارة العالمية، منها قرار بقانون الشركات رقم (42) لسنة 2021، وقانون السلطة القضائية رقم (1) لسنة 2002 وتعديلاته، وقانون المصارف رقم (9) لسنة 2010، والتشريعات الناظمة للملكية الفكرية، وقانون رقم (1) لسنة 1998 بشأن تشجيع الاستثمار في فلسطين.
تم التعريف بمنظمة التجارة العالمية، ونشأتها، وأهدافها، ودورها، والانتقادات الموجهة لمنظمة التجارة العالمية، ثم وضحت الدراسة الآثار القانونية على مستوى الدول المنضمة لمنظمة التجارة العالمية إذ كانت انعكاسات اتفاقيات تحرير التجارة العالمیة على أعضاء المنظمة تحمل طابع الإلزام القانوني، وأصبحت كثیر من الدول أمام حالة تفرض علیھا حركة دائبة باتجاه تعدیل تشریعاتھا الوطنیة، بما یتناسب مع الأحكام القانونیة الواردة في اتفاقیات تحریر التجارة العالمیة، كما تبين من مراحل الانضمام إلى المنظمة أنه بشكل أساسي يرتبط بالجانب القانوني في الدولة.
من ناحية أخرى فإنّ المنظمة أصبحت التهديد الأكبر لسيادة الدول، وذلك من خلال ما تفرضه من سياسات وشروط وقوانين على الدول الأعضاء وتتدخل في سياستها التجارية بشكل صريح يؤدي إلى إحداث قصور في سياستها وسيادتها الوطنية، وتدخل المنظمة في الشؤون الداخلية للدول المنضمة لها.
وبالنظر إلى وضع فلسطين دولة محتلة تتبع باقتصادها الاقتصاد الإسرائيلي، فقد أوجد الاحتلال اقتصاداً فلسطينياً يعاني من تشوهات، ومشكلات ناجمة عن الاحتلال الإسرائيلي، التي أدت إلى تغيير هيكلي في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، نجم عنه تراجع في مساهمة القطاعات الإنتاجية (الصناعة والزراعة) في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي لصالح قطاع الخدمات، مما سبب جدلاً حول انضمام فلسطين لمنظمة التجارة العالمية.
من الناحية العملية فإنّ قبول فلسطين دولة غير عضو بصفة مراقب في الأمم المتحدة، يرتب العديد من النتائج القانونية والدولية، تمنحها حق الانضمام إلى المعاهدات والاتفاقيات والمواثيق الدولية، وتشير الجهود الفلسطينية للانضمام إلى المنظمة قد ركزت على التأهل لطلب صفة العضو المراقب. كما أنّ هناك عبئاً تشريعياً كبيراً يترتب على الانضمام؛ لاسيما أنَّ البيئة القانونية والتشريعية معقدة؛ نتيجة لوجود عدة أنظمة قانونية مختلفة تطبق في فلسطين في ذات الوقت، إضافة إلى غياب المساءلة بتعطل المجلس التشريعي؛ وصدور القوانين من خلال الرئيس الفلسطيني (قرارات بقانون).
من التحديات أمام انضمام فلسطين للمنظمة، السعي إلى تحقيق مستويات أعلى من التنمية الاقتصادية، وضرورة لإزالة العقبات وتحقيق الإصلاحات الهيكلية، وإجراء تعديلات على كثير من التشريعات حتى تكون متوائمة مع اتفاقيات المنظمة. بالنسبة لقانون التجارة رقم (12) لسنة 1966 لا ينسجم مع الظروف الاقتصادية التي تعيشها فلسطين؛ فهو قديم لا يعكس تطورات العمل التجاري التي توصلت إليها التعاملات التجارية في العالم. وتم إعداد مشروع قانون التجارة في العام 2003، ولكن لم يجد طريقه إلى الإصدار؛ مما يشكل فرصة لدراسة المشروع والعمل على انسجام أحكامه مع اتفاقيات منظمة التجارة العالمية.
شكل بروتوكول باريس أحد العقبات الرئيسة أمام انضمام فلسطين للمنظمة؛ لعدم الاستقلال التجاري الذي فرضه بروتوكول باريس والذي يمكن تجاوزه من خلال التقدم بطلب العضوية على أساس أنّ فلسطين منطقة تجارية منفصلة عن إسرائيل؛ فقد ربط هذا البروتوكول مستقبل فلسطين كلها وليس اقتصادها فحسب بيد إسرائيل، وعزز من علاقة تبعية الاقتصاد الفلسطيني للاقتصاد الإسرائيلي، ونظراً لبقاء فلسطين في غلاف جمركي واحد مع إسرائيل؛ فإنّ الاقتصاد الفلسطيني يدفع ثمن العضوية في المنظمة ويتحمل الالتزامات المفروضة على الأعضاء دون الانتفاع من مزايا العضوية؛ إضافة إلى حرمانه من الشكوى ضد الممارسات التجارية الإسرائيلية غير المنصفة؛ بسبب عدم عضوية فلسطين في المنظمة؛ حيث لا يحق لها اللجوء إلى آليات حل المنازعات التي تنص عليها الاتفاقيات.
توصي الدراسة بضرورة انتهاج سياسة تشريعية وإعداد خطة تشريعية واضحة المعالم والأهداف والأولويات، بحيث يتم العمل على خلق الانسجام ما بين القوانين المختلفة، ومواءمتها مع اتفاقيات منظمة التجارة العالمية، والعمل على تحديد صفة فلسطين بالنسبة لمنظمة التجارة، هل هي دولة قيد الإنشاء أم دولة محتلة، أم إقليم جمركي منفصل أم غير ذلك. وتشكيل فريق متخصص ومتعدد الخبرات لإعداد خطة عملية متعددة الأبعاد لتعديل بروتوكول باريس، وفك ارتباط الاقتصاد الفلسطيني مع إسرائيل. ودراسة كيفية تأثير عضوية منظمة التجارة العالمية على ترتيب العلاقات الاقتصادية مع إسرائيل، والعكس.
This study aimed to shed light and attempt to monitor the legal implications of Palestine’s accession to the World Trade Organization. The study relied on the forward-looking approach to achieve its goal. It focused on improving the harmony of many laws related to the principles of the World Trade Organization, including Decree on Companies Law No. (42) of 2021, Judicial Authority Law No. (1) of 2002 and its amendments, Banking Law No. (9) of 2010, and legislation regulating intellectual property, Law No. 1 of 1998 regarding encouraging investment in Palestine. The study introduced the World Trade Organization, its role, its origin, its objectives, and the criticisms directed at the World Trade Organization. The study then clarified the legal effects at the level of countries joining the World Trade Organization, as the repercussions of global trade liberalization agreements on members of the organization were legally binding, and many countries were faced with a situation imposed on them. There is a constant movement towards amending its national legislation in line with the legal provisions contained in the international trade liberalization agreements. The stages of joining the organization have shown that accession is fundamentally linked to the legal aspect in the country. On the other hand, the organization has become the greatest threat to the sovereignty of countries, through the policies, conditions, and laws it imposes on member states and explicitly interferes in their trade policy, leading to deficiencies in its national policy and sovereignty, and the organization’s interference in the internal affairs of the countries that join it. Given the status of Palestine as an occupied state whose economy follows the Israeli economy, the occupation has created a Palestinian economy that suffers from distortions and problems resulting from the Israeli occupation, which led to a structural change in the gross domestic product, resulting in a decline in the contribution of the productive sectors (industry and agriculture) to the gross domestic product. The total is in favor of the services sector, which caused controversy over Palestine’s accession to the World Trade Organization. From a practical standpoint, the acceptance of Palestine as a non-member state as an observer entails many legal and international consequences that grant it the right to join international treaties, agreements, and conventions. Palestinian efforts to join the organization have focused on qualifying to request observer member status. There is also a large legislative burden resulting from joining; Especially since the legal and legislative environment is complex, as a result of the presence of several different legal systems applied in Palestine at the same time, in addition to the absence of accountability due to the disruption of the Legislative Council, and the issuance of laws through the Palestinian President (law decisions). Therefore, among the challenges facing Palestine’s accession to the organization are seeking to achieve higher levels of economic development, achieving structural reforms, and making amendments to many legislations so that they are compatible with the organization’s agreements. Regarding Trade Law No. (12) of 1966, it is not consistent with the economic conditions that Palestine is experiencing. It is old and does not reflect the developments in business that commercial transactions have reached in the world. A draft trade law was prepared in 2003, but did not find its way into publication. This constitutes an opportunity to study the project and work to harmonize its provisions with World Trade Organization agreements. The Paris Protocol constituted one of the main obstacles to Palestine’s accession to the organization. The lack of commercial independence imposed by the Paris Protocol, which can be overcome by applying for membership on the basis that Palestine is a separate commercial zone from Israel. This protocol linked the future of all of Palestine, not just its economy, to the hands of Israel, and strengthened the relationship of dependency of the Palestinian economy to the Israeli economy, and given that Palestine remained in one customs envelope with Israel; The Palestinian economy bears the obligations imposed on members without benefiting from the benefits of membership. In addition to being deprived of the right to file a complaint against unfair Israeli trade practices; Because of Palestine's non-membership in the organization; As it is not entitled to resort to dispute resolution mechanisms stipulated in the agreements. The study recommends the necessity of adopting a legislative policy and preparing a legislative plan with clear features, objectives and priorities, so that work is done to create harmony between the various laws, harmonize them with the World Trade Organization agreements, and work to determine the status of Palestine in relation to the Trade Organization, whether it is a state under construction or an occupied state. Or a separate customs territory or something else. Forming a specialized and multi-experienced team to prepare a practical, multi-dimensional plan to amend the Paris Protocol and disengage the Palestinian economy from Israel. And studying how membership in the World Trade Organization affects the arrangement of economic relations with Israel, and vice versa.
This study aimed to shed light and attempt to monitor the legal implications of Palestine’s accession to the World Trade Organization. The study relied on the forward-looking approach to achieve its goal. It focused on improving the harmony of many laws related to the principles of the World Trade Organization, including Decree on Companies Law No. (42) of 2021, Judicial Authority Law No. (1) of 2002 and its amendments, Banking Law No. (9) of 2010, and legislation regulating intellectual property, Law No. 1 of 1998 regarding encouraging investment in Palestine. The study introduced the World Trade Organization, its role, its origin, its objectives, and the criticisms directed at the World Trade Organization. The study then clarified the legal effects at the level of countries joining the World Trade Organization, as the repercussions of global trade liberalization agreements on members of the organization were legally binding, and many countries were faced with a situation imposed on them. There is a constant movement towards amending its national legislation in line with the legal provisions contained in the international trade liberalization agreements. The stages of joining the organization have shown that accession is fundamentally linked to the legal aspect in the country. On the other hand, the organization has become the greatest threat to the sovereignty of countries, through the policies, conditions, and laws it imposes on member states and explicitly interferes in their trade policy, leading to deficiencies in its national policy and sovereignty, and the organization’s interference in the internal affairs of the countries that join it. Given the status of Palestine as an occupied state whose economy follows the Israeli economy, the occupation has created a Palestinian economy that suffers from distortions and problems resulting from the Israeli occupation, which led to a structural change in the gross domestic product, resulting in a decline in the contribution of the productive sectors (industry and agriculture) to the gross domestic product. The total is in favor of the services sector, which caused controversy over Palestine’s accession to the World Trade Organization. From a practical standpoint, the acceptance of Palestine as a non-member state as an observer entails many legal and international consequences that grant it the right to join international treaties, agreements, and conventions. Palestinian efforts to join the organization have focused on qualifying to request observer member status. There is also a large legislative burden resulting from joining; Especially since the legal and legislative environment is complex, as a result of the presence of several different legal systems applied in Palestine at the same time, in addition to the absence of accountability due to the disruption of the Legislative Council, and the issuance of laws through the Palestinian President (law decisions). Therefore, among the challenges facing Palestine’s accession to the organization are seeking to achieve higher levels of economic development, achieving structural reforms, and making amendments to many legislations so that they are compatible with the organization’s agreements. Regarding Trade Law No. (12) of 1966, it is not consistent with the economic conditions that Palestine is experiencing. It is old and does not reflect the developments in business that commercial transactions have reached in the world. A draft trade law was prepared in 2003, but did not find its way into publication. This constitutes an opportunity to study the project and work to harmonize its provisions with World Trade Organization agreements. The Paris Protocol constituted one of the main obstacles to Palestine’s accession to the organization. The lack of commercial independence imposed by the Paris Protocol, which can be overcome by applying for membership on the basis that Palestine is a separate commercial zone from Israel. This protocol linked the future of all of Palestine, not just its economy, to the hands of Israel, and strengthened the relationship of dependency of the Palestinian economy to the Israeli economy, and given that Palestine remained in one customs envelope with Israel; The Palestinian economy bears the obligations imposed on members without benefiting from the benefits of membership. In addition to being deprived of the right to file a complaint against unfair Israeli trade practices; Because of Palestine's non-membership in the organization; As it is not entitled to resort to dispute resolution mechanisms stipulated in the agreements. The study recommends the necessity of adopting a legislative policy and preparing a legislative plan with clear features, objectives and priorities, so that work is done to create harmony between the various laws, harmonize them with the World Trade Organization agreements, and work to determine the status of Palestine in relation to the Trade Organization, whether it is a state under construction or an occupied state. Or a separate customs territory or something else. Forming a specialized and multi-experienced team to prepare a practical, multi-dimensional plan to amend the Paris Protocol and disengage the Palestinian economy from Israel. And studying how membership in the World Trade Organization affects the arrangement of economic relations with Israel, and vice versa.
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Citation
معطان، علي محمد. (2024). الآثار القانونية لانضمام فلسطين إلى منظمة التجارة العالمية [رسالة ماجستير منشورة، جامعة القدس، فلسطين]. المستودع الرقمي لجامعة القدس.