المسؤولية القانونية عن التلوث الإشعاعي في ظل أحكام القانون الدولي
Date
2023-01-30
Authors
بغداد محمود أحمد فطافطه
Baghdad Ahmad Mahmoud Fataftah
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
جامعة القدس
Abstract
تتماشى التطورات القانونية والتشريعات الدولية جنباً إلى جنب مع التطورات العلمية والتكنولوجية، بما يكفل منع وقوع الضرر، ومنها الضرر الواقع مسؤوليته على الدولة التي تسببت بتلوث إشعاعي، إذ تقع هذه المسؤولية بناء على مخالفة الدولة للتشريعات الدولية الصادرة عن الأمم المتحدة والاتفاقيات الإقليمية، وللتعليمات الصادرة عن الوكالة الدولية للطاقة الذرية.
لذا هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى البحث في القوانين الداخلية والدولية التي تتناول أساليب وطرق حماية البيئة بشكل عام، وعالجت إشكالية قصور القوانين الداخلية المتعلقة بموضوع البيئة من بيان المسؤولية الدولية بشكل واضح ومحدد على جريمة تلوث البيئة الاشعاعي، وعدم وضوح هذه المسؤولية والحاجة إلى المزيد من البحث فيها وبيان الأسس القانونية التي تقوم عليه، ذلك نظراً للأهمية الكبيرة التي توليها دول العالم لموضوع تلوث البيئة الاشعاعي والحاجة إلى الحد منه وحصر مسبباته .
وقد تناولت مفهوم التلوث الإشعاعي للبيئة، وأساس الحماية الجنائية من التلوث الإشعاعي للبيئة المائية والبيئة الأرضية في التشريعات الوطنية والدولية، كذلك تحديد المسؤول عن التلوث الاشعاعي للبيئة، وتطرقت هذه الدراسة إلى الجزاءات الجنائية المترتبة على جريمة التلوث الإشعاعي بما فيها العقوبات الجنائية والمسؤولية المدنية للدول ودور الأمم المتحدة في الحماية من التلوث الاشعاعي، والاتفاقيات والمعاهدات الدولية المتعلقة بالتلوث الاشعاعي.
وقد اتضح من الدراسة أن المسؤولية الدولية تتمثل في تحميل الشخص الدولي نتائج أعماله والتعويض عن الضرر الذي يسببه للغير. واتضح أن كل دولة باعتبارها شخص دولي تلتزم بالوفاء بواجباتها القانونية الدولية ويتضمن التزامها بتقديم تعويض كامل عن الأضرار والخسائر المترتبة على مخالفة قانون دولي عام أو خاص. حيث تقوم أساس المسؤولية الدولية على ثلاث نظريات هي نظرية الخطأ والنظرية الموضوعية، ونظرية المخاطر. أما أساس الحماية الجنائية للبيئة الأرضية في التشريعات الوطنية والدولية، فلا يوجد في القانون الدولي العام قاعدة عرفية دولية تسمح بتطبيق نظرية المسؤولية المطلقة أو المشددة، كما أن هذه النظرية لم تصل بعد إلى درجة اعتبارها أحد المبادئ العامة للقانون.
أما مسؤولية الشخص الطبيعي عن فعل الغير فهذه المسؤولية تابعة لافتراض قانوني، وهو توافر الإرادة الآثمة لدى كل من مدير المنشأة وممثل الشخص الاعتباري، حتى لو لم ينسب إليه أي خطأ فعلي، وبسبب ذلك لا يمكنه الإفلات من المسؤولية الجنائية، حتى لو ثبت عدم علمه بالجريمة وقيامه بواجباته الوظيفية؛ لأن المسؤولية المناطة به مفترضة قانوناً. وأما المسؤولية الجنائية عن الشخص المعنوي فقد تم تحديدها في أن "كل منشأة أو مشروع خالف الشروط البيئية اللازمة لمنح الرخصة يكون للجهة المختصة الحق في إلغاء الترخيص أو سحبه لمدة محددة ويحق لصاحب المنشأة أو المشروع الطعن في قرار إلغاء الرخصة أو سحبها أمام المحكمة المختصة. ويشترط لإقامة المسؤولية على الشخص الاعتباري أن تصدر جريمة الاعتداء على البيئة من قبل شخص اعتباري، وأن ترتكب الجريمة البيئية من قبل شخص طبيعي يملك حق التعبير عن إرادة الشخص المعنوي. وويعاقب كل مالك أو مدير منشأة أدلى بيانات كاذبة أو مضللة فيما يتعلق بالأمور البيئية للمنشأة التي يملكها أو يديرها بالحبس مدة لا تزيد عن ستة أشهر، وبغرامة لا تتجاوز الألفي دينار أردني أو ما يعادلها بالعملة المتداولة قانونا أو بإحدى هاتين العقوبتين.
تتنوع العقوبات الجزائية إلى عقوبات سالبة للحرية وعقوبات مالية، وفي إطار الجرائم الماسة بالبيئة من الجائز الحكم بالعقوبتين معاً، وذلك بالتوسع في العقوبات المالية كعقوبات أصلية في السياسة التشريعية التي تتجه في الجرائم أو بأي من الجرائم الماسة بالبيئة.
وخرجت الدراسة بعدة توصيات، أبرزها تحديث القوانين وبعض من القرارات الفلسطينية المتعلقة بالجرائم البيئية وخصوصاً التلوث الإشعاعي التي صاغها المشرع الفلسطيني، والأخذ بمبدأ الاسناد الاتفاقي لتحديد المسؤول عن جريمة تلوث البيئة في التشريع الفلسطيني في الجرائم الخاصة بالبيئة. واتخاذ كافة التدابير الوقائية التي حددتها الأمم المتحدة والوكالة الدولية للطاقة الذرية لضمان عدم وجود أي نشاط إشعاعي فيما يتعلق بالصناعات، ومن أبرز نتائج الدراسة تلتزم كل دولة باعتبارها شخص دولي بالوفاء بواجباتها القانونية الدولية ويتضمن التزامها بتقديم تعويض كامل عن الأضرار والخسائر المترتبة على مخالفة قانون دولي عام أو خاص. وتقوم أساس المسؤولية الدولية على ثلاث نظريات هي نظرية الخطأ والنظرية الموضوعية، ونظرية المخاطر.
Legal developments and international legislation go hand in hand with scientific and technological developments, to ensure the prevention of harm, including the harm that is responsible for the state that caused radioactive contamination, as this responsibility falls based on the state’s violation of international legislation issued by the United Nations, regional agreements, and the instructions issued by the Agency International Atomic Energy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate internal and international laws that deal with the methods and means of protecting the environment in general, and addressed the problem of the lack of internal laws related to the subject of the environment in terms of clearly and specifically stating international responsibility for the crime of radioactive pollution of the environment, and the lack of clarity of this responsibility and the need for further research in it. And a statement of the legal foundations on which it is based, given the great importance that countries of the world attach to the issue of radioactive pollution of the environment and the need to reduce it and limit its causes. . It has dealt with the concept of radioactive pollution of the environment, the basis of criminal protection from radioactive pollution of the water environment and the terrestrial environment in national and international legislation, as well as determining the criminal responsibility for radioactive pollution of the environment, whether for a natural person, and this study touched on the criminal penalties resulting from the crime of radioactive pollution, including criminal penalties and responsibility Civilian states and the role of the United Nations in protection from radioactive contamination, and international conventions and treaties related to radioactive pollution. The study concluded that the international responsibility is to hold the international person responsible for the results of his actions and compensation for the damage he causes to others. And it became clear that every country, as an international person, is committed to fulfilling its international legal duties, and this includes its obligation to provide full compensation for damages and losses resulting from violating a public or private international law. Where the basis of international responsibility is based on three theories: the error theory, the objective theory, and the risk theory. As for the basis of criminal protection of the terrestrial environment in national and international legislation, there is no international customary rule in general international law that allows the application of the theory of absolute or strict liability, and this theory has not yet reached the point of being considered one of the general principles of law. As for the responsibility of the natural person for the act of others, this responsibility is subject to a legal assumption, which is the presence of the sinful will of both the facility manager and the representative of the legal person, even if no actual fault is attributed to him, and because of that he cannot escape from criminal responsibility, even if it is proven that he was unaware of the crime. carrying out his job duties; Because the responsibility entrusted to him is assumed by law. As for the criminal liability of the legal person, it was specified that “every establishment or project violates the environmental conditions necessary for granting the license, the competent authority has the right to cancel or withdraw the license for a specified period, and the owner of the establishment or project has the right to appeal the decision to cancel or withdraw the license before the competent court.” To establish responsibility for the legal person, the crime of assaulting the environment should be issued by a legal person, and the environmental crime should be committed by a natural person who has the right to express the will of the legal person.Every owner or manager of a facility who made false or misleading statements regarding the environmental matters of the facility he owns shall be punished. Or he manages it by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months, and a fine not exceeding two thousand Jordanian dinars or its equivalent in the legally circulated currency, or one of these two penalties. Penal penalties vary between custodial penalties and financial penalties. In the context of crimes affecting the environment, it is permissible to impose both penalties together, by expanding the financial penalties as original penalties in the legislative policy that addresses crimes or any of the crimes affecting the environment. The study came out with several recommendations, most notably the updating of laws and some Palestinian decisions related to environmental crimes, especially radioactive pollution, and the introduction of the principle of consensual attribution to determine who is responsible for the crime of environmental pollution in the Palestinian legislation in environmental crimes. And take all preventive measures specified by the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency to ensure that there is no radioactivity in relation to industries, and one of the most prominent results of the study is that each country is committed as an international person to fulfilling its international legal duties, and this includes its obligation to provide full compensation for damages and losses resulting from violating a general international law or private. The basis of international responsibility is based on three theories: the error theory, the objective theory, and the risk theory.
Legal developments and international legislation go hand in hand with scientific and technological developments, to ensure the prevention of harm, including the harm that is responsible for the state that caused radioactive contamination, as this responsibility falls based on the state’s violation of international legislation issued by the United Nations, regional agreements, and the instructions issued by the Agency International Atomic Energy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate internal and international laws that deal with the methods and means of protecting the environment in general, and addressed the problem of the lack of internal laws related to the subject of the environment in terms of clearly and specifically stating international responsibility for the crime of radioactive pollution of the environment, and the lack of clarity of this responsibility and the need for further research in it. And a statement of the legal foundations on which it is based, given the great importance that countries of the world attach to the issue of radioactive pollution of the environment and the need to reduce it and limit its causes. . It has dealt with the concept of radioactive pollution of the environment, the basis of criminal protection from radioactive pollution of the water environment and the terrestrial environment in national and international legislation, as well as determining the criminal responsibility for radioactive pollution of the environment, whether for a natural person, and this study touched on the criminal penalties resulting from the crime of radioactive pollution, including criminal penalties and responsibility Civilian states and the role of the United Nations in protection from radioactive contamination, and international conventions and treaties related to radioactive pollution. The study concluded that the international responsibility is to hold the international person responsible for the results of his actions and compensation for the damage he causes to others. And it became clear that every country, as an international person, is committed to fulfilling its international legal duties, and this includes its obligation to provide full compensation for damages and losses resulting from violating a public or private international law. Where the basis of international responsibility is based on three theories: the error theory, the objective theory, and the risk theory. As for the basis of criminal protection of the terrestrial environment in national and international legislation, there is no international customary rule in general international law that allows the application of the theory of absolute or strict liability, and this theory has not yet reached the point of being considered one of the general principles of law. As for the responsibility of the natural person for the act of others, this responsibility is subject to a legal assumption, which is the presence of the sinful will of both the facility manager and the representative of the legal person, even if no actual fault is attributed to him, and because of that he cannot escape from criminal responsibility, even if it is proven that he was unaware of the crime. carrying out his job duties; Because the responsibility entrusted to him is assumed by law. As for the criminal liability of the legal person, it was specified that “every establishment or project violates the environmental conditions necessary for granting the license, the competent authority has the right to cancel or withdraw the license for a specified period, and the owner of the establishment or project has the right to appeal the decision to cancel or withdraw the license before the competent court.” To establish responsibility for the legal person, the crime of assaulting the environment should be issued by a legal person, and the environmental crime should be committed by a natural person who has the right to express the will of the legal person.Every owner or manager of a facility who made false or misleading statements regarding the environmental matters of the facility he owns shall be punished. Or he manages it by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months, and a fine not exceeding two thousand Jordanian dinars or its equivalent in the legally circulated currency, or one of these two penalties. Penal penalties vary between custodial penalties and financial penalties. In the context of crimes affecting the environment, it is permissible to impose both penalties together, by expanding the financial penalties as original penalties in the legislative policy that addresses crimes or any of the crimes affecting the environment. The study came out with several recommendations, most notably the updating of laws and some Palestinian decisions related to environmental crimes, especially radioactive pollution, and the introduction of the principle of consensual attribution to determine who is responsible for the crime of environmental pollution in the Palestinian legislation in environmental crimes. And take all preventive measures specified by the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency to ensure that there is no radioactivity in relation to industries, and one of the most prominent results of the study is that each country is committed as an international person to fulfilling its international legal duties, and this includes its obligation to provide full compensation for damages and losses resulting from violating a general international law or private. The basis of international responsibility is based on three theories: the error theory, the objective theory, and the risk theory.