الحماية الجزائية للتنوع البيئي الحيوي
Date
2024-04-25
Authors
آلاء خالد عبدالفتاح أبوفارة
Alaa Khaled Abd Alfattah AbuFara
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
اهتم المشرع الفلسطيني بالبيئة وبما تحتويه من عناصر،كالماء والهواء والتربة بالإضافة للتنوع الحيوي فيها من نباتات وحيوانات وكائنات دقيقة، ووفر الحماية الجزائية لها، وذلك من خلال سن القوانين التي تجرم الإعتداء على البيئة، كما حرص المشرع على الإنضمام للإتفاقيات الدولية المعنية بحماية البيئة.
وتهتم هذه الدراسة بدراسة الحماية الجزائية للتنوع البيئي الحيوي كإحدى العناصر الهامة في البيئة، وتم اعتماد المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، حيث تم تحليل النصوص القانونية التي تجرم الإعتداء على هذا التنوع، والواردة في عدة قوانين، كقانون البيئة والزراعة والصحة العامة وغيرها من القوانين الأخرى ذات العلاقة.
وتقوم هذه الدراسة على فصلين، حيث يتناول الفصل الأول صور الحماية الجزائية للتنوع البيئي الحيوي، والتي تتمثل بالحماية بالموضوعية والحماية الإجرائية، حيث تقوم الحماية الموضوعية على تجريم السلوكيات والأفعال الماسة بالتنوع البيئي الحيوي، وبيان العقوبات المقررة على هذه الأفعال والتي تشكل في مجموعها جرائم الإعتداء على التنوع البيئي الحيوي، في حين تقوم الحماية الإجرائية على قيام المشرع بكفالة الإجراءات الجزائية المتبعة أمام المحكمة المختصة، مع الأخذ بعين الإعتبار تمتع هذا النوع من الجرائم بخصوصية تميزها عن الجرائم التقليدية، سواء من ناحية التجريم والعقاب، او من حيث الإجراءات المتبعة. بينما يدور الفصل الثاني حول وسائل تدعيم الحماية الجزائية للتنوع البيئي الحيوي، ووتتمثل هذه الوسائل بتنظيم قواعد المسؤولية التي تنشأ عن الجرائم الماسة بالتنوع البيئي الحيوي، والتي تتمثل بالمسؤولية الجزائية والمسؤولية المدنية، وبيان الأسس التي تقوم عليها هذه المسؤولية، كما يتم تدعيم الحماية الجزائية للتنوع البيئي الحيوي من خلال تعزيز دور الإدارة الوقائي بما تتخذه من إجراءات وتدابير لحماية هذا العنصر، وبما تفرضه من جزاءات إدارية على الشخص الطبيعي أو المعنوي المخالف للمعايير والضوابط التي تضعها، وتهدف من خلالها حماية البيئة بجميع عناصرها، وذلك من خلال الصلاحيات التي يمنحها القانون لسلطات الضبط الإداري.
وفي الختام، ومن خلال هذه الدراسة، تم التوصل إلى جملة من النتائج، ومن أهمها: قصور المشرع الفلسطيني في كفالة الحماية الجزائية للتنوع البيئي الحيوي، وظهر ذلك في عدة مواقع تم بيانها خلال هذه الدراسة، كما تبين من خلال هذه الدراسة أهمية دور الإدارة الوقائي في الحفاظ على التنوع البيئي الحيوي. وبناء على هذه النتائج، تم التوصل إلى جملة من التوصيات، ومن أهمها: نوصي المشرع الفلسطيني بتعزيز الحماية الجزائية الفعلية للتنوع البيئي الحيوي، من أجل الحفاظ على التوازن البيئي، نظرا للأهمية الكبرى التي يتمتع بها هذا التنوع، كما نوصي المشرع بتوسيع نطاق صلاحيات الإدارة في مجال حماية البيئة بكل عناصرها ولا سيما التنوع البيئي الحيوي، ومنحها بموجب القانون صلاحية فرض العقوبات الإدارية المالية، نظرا لفعاليتها في مجال حماية البيئة.
The Palestinian legislator cared about the environment with all elements, including water, air, and soil, in addition to its biodiversity of plants, animals, and microorganisms, and provided penal protection for it, by enacting laws that criminalize attacks on the environment. the legislator was also keen to join international agreements concerned with the environmental field. The study focuses on the penal protection of biological diversity as a component of the environment. A descriptive and analytical approach has been adopted, analyzing the legal texts contained in various laws, such as the environment, agriculture and public health act, which criminalize attacks on such diversity. The first chapter deals with the forms of penal protection of biological diversity, which consist of objective protection and procedural protection. The latter is based on the criminalization of conduct and actions that are detrimental to biological diversity and indicates the penalties for such acts, which collectively constitute offences against biological diversity. Procedural protection is based on the fact that the legislature guarantees the criminal procedure to be followed before the competent court, taking into account that such offences are characterized by a specific nature for conventional crimes, both in terms of criminalization and punishment and in terms of procedures. Chapter 2 deals with means of strengthening the penal protection of biological diversity. These means consist of regulating the rules of liability arising from offences against biological diversity, namely, penal liability and civil liability, and elaborating the basis for such liability. The penal protection of biological diversity is also strengthened by strengthening the role of preventive management through the measures it takes to protect this element and by imposing administrative sanctions on natural or legal persons that violate the standards and regulation it establishes, by protecting the environment in all its elements through the powers granted by law to administrative control authorities. In conclusion, a number of results were reached, the most important of which was the failure of the Palestinian legislator to clarify the concept of biodiversity, as did the Egyptian legislation that did, so the Palestinian legislator has provided for Palestinian biodiversity in its entirety without entering into any details or elements, the study also shows the important role of preventive management in preserving biological diversity. On the basis of these findings, a number of redocumentations were reached. The most important ones are we recommend that the Palestinian legislator strengthen the effective penal protection of biological diversity in order to maintain ecological balance, in view of the great importance of this diversity, specify the elements of biological diversity and define them as all other elements of the environment. We also recommend that the legislator broaden the scope of management powers in the field of environmental protection in all its components, particularly biological diversity, and that the law authorize it to impose financial administrative penalties, in view of their importance in the field of environmental protection.
The Palestinian legislator cared about the environment with all elements, including water, air, and soil, in addition to its biodiversity of plants, animals, and microorganisms, and provided penal protection for it, by enacting laws that criminalize attacks on the environment. the legislator was also keen to join international agreements concerned with the environmental field. The study focuses on the penal protection of biological diversity as a component of the environment. A descriptive and analytical approach has been adopted, analyzing the legal texts contained in various laws, such as the environment, agriculture and public health act, which criminalize attacks on such diversity. The first chapter deals with the forms of penal protection of biological diversity, which consist of objective protection and procedural protection. The latter is based on the criminalization of conduct and actions that are detrimental to biological diversity and indicates the penalties for such acts, which collectively constitute offences against biological diversity. Procedural protection is based on the fact that the legislature guarantees the criminal procedure to be followed before the competent court, taking into account that such offences are characterized by a specific nature for conventional crimes, both in terms of criminalization and punishment and in terms of procedures. Chapter 2 deals with means of strengthening the penal protection of biological diversity. These means consist of regulating the rules of liability arising from offences against biological diversity, namely, penal liability and civil liability, and elaborating the basis for such liability. The penal protection of biological diversity is also strengthened by strengthening the role of preventive management through the measures it takes to protect this element and by imposing administrative sanctions on natural or legal persons that violate the standards and regulation it establishes, by protecting the environment in all its elements through the powers granted by law to administrative control authorities. In conclusion, a number of results were reached, the most important of which was the failure of the Palestinian legislator to clarify the concept of biodiversity, as did the Egyptian legislation that did, so the Palestinian legislator has provided for Palestinian biodiversity in its entirety without entering into any details or elements, the study also shows the important role of preventive management in preserving biological diversity. On the basis of these findings, a number of redocumentations were reached. The most important ones are we recommend that the Palestinian legislator strengthen the effective penal protection of biological diversity in order to maintain ecological balance, in view of the great importance of this diversity, specify the elements of biological diversity and define them as all other elements of the environment. We also recommend that the legislator broaden the scope of management powers in the field of environmental protection in all its components, particularly biological diversity, and that the law authorize it to impose financial administrative penalties, in view of their importance in the field of environmental protection.