جريمة كتم اللقطة في التشريع الفلسطيني
Date
2023-08-21
Authors
سيف سامي نايف حساسنه
saif sami nayef hasasna
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
إن مسألة الحماية الجزائية للأموال المفقودة ترتبط بشكل وثيق مع مسألة أخرى؛ هي الحفاظ على حق الملكية لأصحاب الأموال المفقودة عن طريق الخطأ أو الهفوة، ومن هنا ظهرت الحماية الجزائية للمال المفقود تحت اسم اللّقطة، والذي يعاقب عليه في قانون العقوبات الأردني رقم (16) لسنة (1960) تحت اسم جريمة كتم اللقطة في المادة (424) من هذا القانون.
وظهرت في هذا الإطار عدة اتجاهات فقهية تحدد الطبيعة القانونية لفعل كتم اللّقطة، بين من اعتبره جريمة سرقة، وبين من اعتبره جريمة مستقلة قائمة بحدّ ذاتها، وكان المشرع الأردني قد اعتبرها جريمة مستقلة ولا تنتمي إلى جرائم السرقات.
وبناءً على ما سبق جاءت هذه الدراسة لتوضح الألية الجزائية لمكافحة جرائم كتم اللّقطة في إطار قانون العقوبات الأردني رقم (16) لسنة (1960)، وذلك من خلال بحث أهم أركان هذه الجريمة، والعناصر الأساسية المكونة لها، وأهم الآثار القانونية المترتبة عليها، من حيث شروط انعقاد المسؤولية الجزائية فيها، وكذلك الجزاء الجزائي المترتب عليها، وعليه هدفت الدراسة للتعرف على كيفية معالجة المشرع الجزائي الفلسطيني لأفعال كتم اللقطة.
ولتحقيق الأهداف السابقة استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي، والمنهج التحليلي، والمنهج المقارن لتحقيق الأهداف المرجوة من هذه الدراسة، وذلك بتقسيمها إلى فصلين: تحدثت في الفصل الأول عن الماديات المُكونة لجريمة كتم اللُّقطة. أما الفصل الثاني فقد تمّ الحديث في عن الآثار القانونية المترتبة على قيام المسؤولية الجزائية عن كتم اللّقطة.
وختامًا توصل الباحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج، أهمها: لم يحدد المشرع الأردني محل الجريمة في جريمة كتم اللّقطة، وإنما كان موقفه واسعًا بعض الشيء، كذلك فإن المُلتقط بجميع الأحوال يقع على عاتقه واجب قانوني مُتمثل في ردّ الشيء المفقود، أو الضائع إلى صاحبه إذا كان على علم به. أيضًا يُشترط في محل جريمة كتم اللّقطة (أيّ المال المفقود أو اللّقطة) توافر مجموعة من الشروط، كذلك فإن السلوك الجرمي يتحقق في جريمة كتم اللّقطة عند وقوع أيّ فعل من الأفعال التي ذكرها المشرع الأردني في المادة (424) من قانون العقوبات الأردني، كما أن التكييف القانوني الصحيح للنتيجة الجرمية في جريمة كتم اللقطة هو اعتبارها من جرائم الضرر لا الخطر، نظرًا لأن مجرد قيام السلوك الجرميّ في هذه الجريمة، دون تحقق النتيجة، لا يترتب عليه قيام المسؤولية الجزائية للفاعل عن هذه الجريمة.
وبناءً على ما سبق أوصى الباحث بمجموعة من التوصيات، أهمها: أن يكون هناك تدعيم للركن الشرعي لجريمة كتم اللّقطة من خلال إقرار قانون خاصّ بهذه الجريمة يشمل جميع النشاطات الإنسانية، والسلوكية المتمثلة في جميع عمليات الاستيلاء على المال المفقود واستعماله بسوء، أو بحسن نية. وكذلك تعديل نص المادة (424) من قانون العقوبات الأردني من خلال استبدال جملة (الشيء المنقول) لجملة (المال المفقود). وأيضًا ضرورة تدارك النقص التشريعي الحاصل في المادة (424) من قانون العقوبات الأردني والمتعلق بالفترة الزمنية لإعادة اللقطة، ذلك من خلال العمل على تحديد الفترة الزمنية المتاحة أمام المُلتقط لإعادة اللقطة، أي الفترة الزمنية التي يكون فيها خارج قيام المسؤولية الجزائية عليه عن فعل كتم اللقطة.
The issue of penal protection for lost funds is closely related to another issue. It is preserving the right of ownership of the owners of money lost by mistake or lapse, hence the penal protection for lost money under the name of lost belongings, which is punishable in the Jordanian Penal Code No. (16) of (1960) under the name of the crime of mute lost belongings, in Article (424) of this law. In this context, several jurisprudential directions have emerged that define the legal nature of the act of concealing lost belongings, between those who considered it a crime of theft, and those who considered it an independent crime standing in itself, and the Jordanian legislator had considered it an independent crime and did not belong to the crimes of theft. Based on the foregoing, this study came to clarify the penal mechanism for combating the crimes of concealing lost belongings within the Jordanian Penal No. (16) for the year (1960), by study the most important elements of this crime, its basic constituent elements, and the most important legal implications of it, in terms of The conditions for holding criminal liability in it, as well as the penal penalty resulting from it, and accordingly, the study aimed to identify how the Palestinian criminal legislator deals with the actions of concealing the lost belongings. In order to achieve the previous objectives, the researcher used the descriptive approach, the analytical approach, and the comparative approach to achieve the desired objectives of this study, by dividing it into two chapters: In the first chapter, I talked about the materials that make up the crime of concealing of lost belongings. As for the second chapter, the legal implications of establishing criminal responsibility for concealing lost belongings were discussed. In conclusion, the researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The Jordanian legislator did not specify the crime scene in the crime of concealing lost belongings, but rather his position was somewhat broad. Likewise, the one who grabbed it in all cases has a legal duty represented in returning the lost or lost thing to its owner if it was aware of it. It is also required in the place of the crime of muting the lost belongings (i.e. the lost money or the lost belongings) that a set of conditions be met. Likewise, the criminal behavior is achieved in the crime of concealing lost belongings when any of the acts mentioned by the Jordanian legislator in Article (424) of the Jordanian Penal Code takes place. The correct legal adaptation of the criminal consequence in the crime of suppressing the lost belongings is to consider it a crime of harm and not of danger, given that the mere occurrence of criminal behavior in this crime, without achieving the result. Based on the foregoing, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: that there be a support for the legal basis for the crime of concealing lost belongings through the adoption of a law specific to this crime that includes all human activities, and behavioral activities represented in all operations of appropriating lost money and using it in bad, or in good faith. As well as amending the text of Article (424) of the Jordanian Penal Code by replacing the phrase (the movable thing) with the phrase (lost money). Also, the need to remedy the legislative shortcoming that occurred in Article (424) of the Jordanian Penal Code related to the time period for returning the lost belongings, by working to determine the time period available to the capturer to return the lost belongings, i.e. the period of time during which he is outside the criminal liability for the act of concealing the lost belongings.
The issue of penal protection for lost funds is closely related to another issue. It is preserving the right of ownership of the owners of money lost by mistake or lapse, hence the penal protection for lost money under the name of lost belongings, which is punishable in the Jordanian Penal Code No. (16) of (1960) under the name of the crime of mute lost belongings, in Article (424) of this law. In this context, several jurisprudential directions have emerged that define the legal nature of the act of concealing lost belongings, between those who considered it a crime of theft, and those who considered it an independent crime standing in itself, and the Jordanian legislator had considered it an independent crime and did not belong to the crimes of theft. Based on the foregoing, this study came to clarify the penal mechanism for combating the crimes of concealing lost belongings within the Jordanian Penal No. (16) for the year (1960), by study the most important elements of this crime, its basic constituent elements, and the most important legal implications of it, in terms of The conditions for holding criminal liability in it, as well as the penal penalty resulting from it, and accordingly, the study aimed to identify how the Palestinian criminal legislator deals with the actions of concealing the lost belongings. In order to achieve the previous objectives, the researcher used the descriptive approach, the analytical approach, and the comparative approach to achieve the desired objectives of this study, by dividing it into two chapters: In the first chapter, I talked about the materials that make up the crime of concealing of lost belongings. As for the second chapter, the legal implications of establishing criminal responsibility for concealing lost belongings were discussed. In conclusion, the researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The Jordanian legislator did not specify the crime scene in the crime of concealing lost belongings, but rather his position was somewhat broad. Likewise, the one who grabbed it in all cases has a legal duty represented in returning the lost or lost thing to its owner if it was aware of it. It is also required in the place of the crime of muting the lost belongings (i.e. the lost money or the lost belongings) that a set of conditions be met. Likewise, the criminal behavior is achieved in the crime of concealing lost belongings when any of the acts mentioned by the Jordanian legislator in Article (424) of the Jordanian Penal Code takes place. The correct legal adaptation of the criminal consequence in the crime of suppressing the lost belongings is to consider it a crime of harm and not of danger, given that the mere occurrence of criminal behavior in this crime, without achieving the result. Based on the foregoing, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: that there be a support for the legal basis for the crime of concealing lost belongings through the adoption of a law specific to this crime that includes all human activities, and behavioral activities represented in all operations of appropriating lost money and using it in bad, or in good faith. As well as amending the text of Article (424) of the Jordanian Penal Code by replacing the phrase (the movable thing) with the phrase (lost money). Also, the need to remedy the legislative shortcoming that occurred in Article (424) of the Jordanian Penal Code related to the time period for returning the lost belongings, by working to determine the time period available to the capturer to return the lost belongings, i.e. the period of time during which he is outside the criminal liability for the act of concealing the lost belongings.
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Citation
حساسنه، سيف سامي. (2023). جريمة كتم اللقطة في التشريع الفلسطيني [رسالة ماجستير منشورة، جامعة
القدس، فلسطين]. المستودع الرقمي لجامعة القدس. https://arab-scholars.com/4f0e7f