الحدّ الأدنى للأجور دراسة شرعيّة قانونيّة
Date
2025-01-06
Authors
نداء يحيى أسعد هشلمون
Nida Yahia Asa'd Hashlamoun
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
تتناول هذه الرّسالة موضوع (الحدّ الأدنى للأجور دراسة شرعيّة قانونيّة)، وتأتي أهمّيّة الدّراسة مِن كونها تبحث مسألةً معاصرةً تَمسّ شريحةً واسعة من المجتمع، وتؤثّر على الأمن الاجتماعيّ، والاستقرار الاقتصاديّ والسّياسيّ فيه. ويظهر من عنوان الرّسالة أنّها تناولت دراسة الحدّ الأدنى للأجور مِن جانبَيْن: جانب يتعلّق بالشّريعة الإسلاميّة، والآخَر يتعلّق بالقانون.
وقد اشتملت الدّراسة على مسائل متنوّعة للحدّ الأدنى للأجور، بدءًا مِن العَقد الّذي ينتظم فيه الأجر في الشّريعة الإسلاميّة وقانون العمل، وبيان أنواعه وأركانه، ثمّ الانتقال لتحديد الفئة المقصودة في هذه الدّراسة من خلال الحديث عن الأجير وتقسيماته. وقد تمّ تسليط الضّوء على المكانة العالية الّتي حظي بها الأجير في ظلّ الشّريعة الإسلاميّة، وعلى الحقوق الّتي تجب للأجير مقابل عملهِ والّتي كان مِن أهمّها الحصول على الأجر المناسب للعمل، إضافةً إلى حقوقٍ أخرى: كحقّه في حمايته من الاستغلال والظّلم، وحقّه في الحصول على الميّزات والإجراءات الّتي يوجبها له القانون، ما دامت لا تخالف الشّرع.
وقد بيّنت الدّراسة أنّ الأصل في تحديد الأجر أن يتمّ بالاتّفاق والتّراضي بين طرفيّ العقد، لكن عند ظهور الحاجة إلى التّدخّل في سوق العمل بتحديدِ الأجور ووضع حدٍّ أدنى لها، فإنّ الدّولةَ بجهاتها المختصّة تتولّى القيام بهذه المهمّة بعد إجراء دراساتٍ دقيقةٍ واستشاراتٍ علميّةٍ مستفيضة، وقد بيّنت الدّراسة ذلك من خلال بحث مسألة التّسعير في الشّريعة الإسلاميّةِ وبيان حُكمها وأدلّتها، كونها الأساس الّذي ينبني عليه حُكم الحدّ الأدنى للأجور.
كما تناولت الدّراسة أهداف الحدّ الأدنى للأجور ودوره في تحقيق التّوازن في سوق العمل واستقرار العلاقات فيه، والحديث عن المواقف الدّوليّة والمحلّيّة من تبنّي سياسة الحدّ الأدنى للأجور والّتي انقسمت ما بين مؤيّدٍ ومُعارِض. إضافةً إلى الحديث عن مراحل التّطوّر التّاريخيّ للحدّ الأدنى للأجور، وتوضيح الأسس الّتي ينبني عليها تقدير الحدّ الأدنى للأجور، والإشارة إلى ضرورة تعديل الحدّ الأدنى ومراجعته بشكلٍ دوريٍّ من أجل الحفاظ على قدرة الحدّ الأدنى للأجور لأداء وظيفته وصيانة القيمة الحقيقيّة له.
وقد اختتمت الدّراسة بالحديث عن الامتثال للحدّ الأدنى للأجور، حيث يعتمد مدى نجاح سياسة الحدّ الأدنى للأجور بشكلٍ كبير، على درجة الالتزام بتطبيق الحدّ الأدنى للأجور والامتثال للقرارات الصّادرة بشأنه.
وقد اعتمدت الدّراسة على المنهج الوصفيّ والتّحليليّ، مع الاستعانة بالمنهج الاستقرائيّ، وتمّ جمع المادّة العلميّة من مظانّها والعودة إلى المصادر والمراجع اللّازمة حسب ما يقتضيه المقام.
وقد خلصت الدّراسة إلى مجموعةٍ من النّتائج والتّوصيات. أمّا النّتائج، فكان مِن أبرزها أنّ التّدخّل بوضع حدٍّ أدنى للأجر منوطٌ بالمصلحة والعدل، وأنّ الغاية الأساسيّة من الحدّ الأدنى للأجور هي حماية الطّبقة العاملة من الاستغلال وتحسين مستوى معيشتهم، وأنّه لا بدّ من وجود معايير واضحة في عمليّة تحديد الحدّ الأدنى للأجر وهو أمر تفتقر إليه عمليّة تحديد هذا الأجر في فلسطين، وأنّ ضعف تطبيق الحدّ الأدنى في الأراضي الفلسطينيّة له أسباب عديدة، أهمّها عدم فعاليّة التّفتيش والرّقابة ووجود ثغرات في قرار الحدّ الأدنى.
وأمّا التّوصيات فكان أهمّها ضرورة مضاعفة الجهود لرفع مستوى وعي العمّال بحقوقهم، وضرورة تقديم الدّعم والمساندة لمنشآت القطاع الخاصّ الّتي لا قدرة لها على مجاراة وتطبيق الحدّ الأدنى للأجور، والعمل على تحديد حدٍّ أدنى للأجور بناءً على رؤيةٍ شرعيّةٍ متوازنة تحقّق الكفاية فيه، والدّعوة أخيرًا إلى عمل دراساتٍ عن ثغرات وسلبيّات قرار الحدّ الأدنى للأجور في الأراضي الفلسطينيّة وسبُل تفاديها ومعالجتها.
This thesis examined the topic of The Minimum Wage: A Religious and Legal Study. The significance of this study derived from being a study that tackles a contemporary issue that deeply affects a large segment of society and influences its social, economic, and political safety. The title of the thesis indicated that it examined minimum wage from two perspectives: The first one has to do with the Islamic Sharia while the second one deals with law. The study included various topics related to minimum wage, beginning with the contract that regulate wages under the Islam law, labor laws, their types and pillars, as well as the transition towards determining the intended category in this thesis through examining workers and their divisions. The study has also highlighted the high status enjoyed by the worker under Islamic law, along with the rights owed to the worker in exchange for their labor. Among the most important of these rights is receiving fair compensation for the work performed, in addition to other rights such as protection from exploitation and injustice, and the right to have privileges and procedures guaranteed by law, as long as they do not contradict Islamic principles. The study indicated that the principle for determining wages is that it should be based on mutual agreement and consent between the two parties to the contract. However, when there arises a need to intervene in the labor market by setting wages and establishing a minimum wage, the state, through its competent authorities, controls this task after conducting thorough studies and extensive scientific consultations. The study demonstrated this by examining the issue of pricing in Islamic law, explaining its rulings and evidence, as it forms the basis upon which the ruling on minimum wages is built. The study also addressed the objectives of the minimum wage and its role in achieving balance in the labor market and stabilizing relationships within it. It discussed the international and local perspectives on adopting minimum wage policies, which are divided between supporters and opponents. Additionally, the study explored the historical development stages of the minimum wage, clarified the principles upon which its identification is based, and highlighted the necessity of periodically revising and adjusting the minimum wage to maintain its ability to fulfill its function and preserve its real value. The study concluded by discussing the issue of compliance with the minimum wage, emphasizing that the success of minimum wage policies largely depends on the degree of adherence to its implementation and compliance with the decisions issued regarding it. This thesis adopted a descriptive and analytical approach relying on the inductive method, and data were collected from resources and references in accordance with Sharia requirements. The study concluded with a set of findings and recommendations. As for the findings, the most prominent being the intervention to put a minimum wage is entrusted with interests and fairness, the pivotal role of the minimum wage is to protect workers from exploitation and ensure their fair compensation, accordingly, there should be clear standards for the identification of the minimum wage, which in turn is currently lacking in Palestine due to ineffectiveness of inspection, control and oversight services in the decision of the minimum wage. The recommendations of this thesis emphasized the need to intensify efforts to raise workers’ awareness about their rights, and the importance to provide support and assistance for all private sector establishments that do not have the capacity to keep up with and ensure effective implementation of the minimum wage. Additionally, the thesis recommended the need to work to identify the minimum wage based on a legitimate vision to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. Finally, this thesis called for conducting studies to investigate gaps and disadvantages of the minimum wage decision and discuss ways to avoid, prevent and deal with them in the Palestinian Territories.
This thesis examined the topic of The Minimum Wage: A Religious and Legal Study. The significance of this study derived from being a study that tackles a contemporary issue that deeply affects a large segment of society and influences its social, economic, and political safety. The title of the thesis indicated that it examined minimum wage from two perspectives: The first one has to do with the Islamic Sharia while the second one deals with law. The study included various topics related to minimum wage, beginning with the contract that regulate wages under the Islam law, labor laws, their types and pillars, as well as the transition towards determining the intended category in this thesis through examining workers and their divisions. The study has also highlighted the high status enjoyed by the worker under Islamic law, along with the rights owed to the worker in exchange for their labor. Among the most important of these rights is receiving fair compensation for the work performed, in addition to other rights such as protection from exploitation and injustice, and the right to have privileges and procedures guaranteed by law, as long as they do not contradict Islamic principles. The study indicated that the principle for determining wages is that it should be based on mutual agreement and consent between the two parties to the contract. However, when there arises a need to intervene in the labor market by setting wages and establishing a minimum wage, the state, through its competent authorities, controls this task after conducting thorough studies and extensive scientific consultations. The study demonstrated this by examining the issue of pricing in Islamic law, explaining its rulings and evidence, as it forms the basis upon which the ruling on minimum wages is built. The study also addressed the objectives of the minimum wage and its role in achieving balance in the labor market and stabilizing relationships within it. It discussed the international and local perspectives on adopting minimum wage policies, which are divided between supporters and opponents. Additionally, the study explored the historical development stages of the minimum wage, clarified the principles upon which its identification is based, and highlighted the necessity of periodically revising and adjusting the minimum wage to maintain its ability to fulfill its function and preserve its real value. The study concluded by discussing the issue of compliance with the minimum wage, emphasizing that the success of minimum wage policies largely depends on the degree of adherence to its implementation and compliance with the decisions issued regarding it. This thesis adopted a descriptive and analytical approach relying on the inductive method, and data were collected from resources and references in accordance with Sharia requirements. The study concluded with a set of findings and recommendations. As for the findings, the most prominent being the intervention to put a minimum wage is entrusted with interests and fairness, the pivotal role of the minimum wage is to protect workers from exploitation and ensure their fair compensation, accordingly, there should be clear standards for the identification of the minimum wage, which in turn is currently lacking in Palestine due to ineffectiveness of inspection, control and oversight services in the decision of the minimum wage. The recommendations of this thesis emphasized the need to intensify efforts to raise workers’ awareness about their rights, and the importance to provide support and assistance for all private sector establishments that do not have the capacity to keep up with and ensure effective implementation of the minimum wage. Additionally, the thesis recommended the need to work to identify the minimum wage based on a legitimate vision to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. Finally, this thesis called for conducting studies to investigate gaps and disadvantages of the minimum wage decision and discuss ways to avoid, prevent and deal with them in the Palestinian Territories.
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Citation
هشلمون، نداء يحيى. (2025). الحدّ الأدنى للأجور دراسة شرعيّة قانونيّة [رسالة ماجستير منشورة، جامعة القدس، فلسطين]. المستودع الرقمي لجامعة القدس.