جريمة التعذيب في التشريع الجزائي الفلسطيني
Date
2023-03-21
Authors
صائب عريقات ربحي شقير
Saeb ariqat rebhi shqair
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
تُمثل جرائم التعذيب إحدى أخطر الجرائم الماسة بحقوق الإنسان وحرياته الفردية التي قد يتعرض لها أثناء إجراءات الدعوى الجزائية المختلفة، وغالباً ما تهدف هذه الجريمة إلى الحصول على الاعترافات من المُتهمين بالقوة، وعليه كان لا بد من وجود مواجهة تشريعية جزائية لهذه الجريمة من خلال توافر العقوبات الرادعة لها، إضافةً إلى الدور الاجرائي الذي يقع على عاتق رجال السلطة القضائية لمواجهة هذه الجريمة.
تأسيساً على ذلك، تهدف هذه الدراسة الى التعرف على مفهوم جريمة التعذيب وخصائصها، بالإضافة إلى الوقوف على النموذج القانوني للجريمة والعناصر المُكونة لأركانها الأساسية، والبحث في الجانب الإجرائي لمواجهة هذه الجرائمة. وتتمثل الإشكالية الرئيسية في الآتي: ما هي الآثار القانونية المترتبة على عدم سعي المشرع الفلسطيني لتنظيم أحكام خاصة لجريمة التعذيب لمكافحتها على أساس مبدأ الشرعية في القانون العام للتجريم والعقاب؟ ولتحقيق ذلك، جرى إستخدام كلٍ من المنهج الوصفي، والمنهج التحليلي (بشقيه الإستقرائي والإستنباطي)، إضافة الى المنهج المُقارن كلما دعت الحاجة الى ذلك.
خلُصت هذه الدراسة بعدة نتائج وتوصيات. ولعل أهمها يكمن في أن جريمة التعذيب تتطلب قصداً جنائياً خاصاً لإنعقاد المسؤولية الجزائية يتمثل ان تكون غاية الجاني حمل المتهم على الاعتراف. كما أن المشرع الفلسطيني في سياسته الجزائية لم يكتفِ فقط بإيقاع الجزاء الجنائي على مقترف الفعل الآثم، بل أقرَّ بالجزاء الإجرائي على الدولة والمتمثل ببطلان الإجراءات الجزائية وعدم مشروعية الدليل الجنائي المستمد من التعذيب. وتقترح هذه الدراسة على المشرع الفلسطيني بالتوسع في القصد الجنائي الخاص على نحو يجعل من التعذيب الذي يستهدف معاقبة المتهم من قبل رجال السلطة العامة يدخل في نطاق النص التجريمي في قانون العقوبات. كما تقترح هذه الدراسة ان يعمد المشرع بصريح النص الى إيقاع عقوبات تبعية على مقترف الجريمة تتمثل في الطرد من الخدمة. اما من الناحية الإجرائية، فتوصي هذه الدراسة ان يعمد المشرع الى النص صراحة على إحالة ماموري الضبط القضائي الذين ينخرطون في أعمال التعذيب الى القاضي الجزائي الطبيعي "المحاكم النظامية" بدلاً من القضاء العسكري.
Torture crimes represent one of the most serious crimes affecting human rights and individual freedoms that he may be exposed to during the various criminal proceedings, and often this crime aims to obtain confessions from the accused by force, and therefore there must be a legislative and penal confrontation for this crime through the availability of deterrent penalties It has, in addition to the procedural role that lies with the men of the judicial authority to confront this crime. Based on that, this study aims to identify the concept of the crime of torture and its characteristics, in addition to standing on the legal model of the crime and the elements that make up its basic pillars, and researching the procedural aspect to confront this crime. The main problem is represented in the following: To what extent is the penal legislation, both substantive and procedural, ready to confront a crime in Palestine? To achieve this, both the descriptive approach and the analytical approach (both inductive and deductive) were used, in addition to the comparative approach whenever the need arises. The first chapter of the study was devoted to researching the shortcomings of the punitive and penal system in confronting torture, while the second chapter of the study dealt with the study's readiness of the legislative and procedural environment to confront torture, including the role of the criminal judge in protecting the criminal case from the risks of torture. This study concluded with several results and recommendations. Perhaps the most important of them lies in the fact that the crime of torture requires a special criminal intent to establish criminal responsibility, which is that the purpose of the offender is to force the accused to confess. . In addition, the Palestinian legislator, in his penal policy, was not satisfied with only imposing the criminal penalty on the perpetrator of the sinful act, but also recognized the procedural penalty on the state represented in the invalidity of the penal procedures and the illegality of the criminal evidence derived from torture. This study proposes to the Palestinian legislator to expand the private criminal intent in a way that makes the torture aimed at punishing the accused by the men of the public authority fall within the scope of the criminal text in the Penal Code. This study also suggests that the legislator explicitly intends to impose consequential penalties on the perpetrator of the crime represented in expulsion from service. As for the procedural aspect, this study recommends that the legislator explicitly provide for the referral of judicial police officers who engage in acts of torture to the normal criminal judge "regular courts" instead of the military judiciary.
Torture crimes represent one of the most serious crimes affecting human rights and individual freedoms that he may be exposed to during the various criminal proceedings, and often this crime aims to obtain confessions from the accused by force, and therefore there must be a legislative and penal confrontation for this crime through the availability of deterrent penalties It has, in addition to the procedural role that lies with the men of the judicial authority to confront this crime. Based on that, this study aims to identify the concept of the crime of torture and its characteristics, in addition to standing on the legal model of the crime and the elements that make up its basic pillars, and researching the procedural aspect to confront this crime. The main problem is represented in the following: To what extent is the penal legislation, both substantive and procedural, ready to confront a crime in Palestine? To achieve this, both the descriptive approach and the analytical approach (both inductive and deductive) were used, in addition to the comparative approach whenever the need arises. The first chapter of the study was devoted to researching the shortcomings of the punitive and penal system in confronting torture, while the second chapter of the study dealt with the study's readiness of the legislative and procedural environment to confront torture, including the role of the criminal judge in protecting the criminal case from the risks of torture. This study concluded with several results and recommendations. Perhaps the most important of them lies in the fact that the crime of torture requires a special criminal intent to establish criminal responsibility, which is that the purpose of the offender is to force the accused to confess. . In addition, the Palestinian legislator, in his penal policy, was not satisfied with only imposing the criminal penalty on the perpetrator of the sinful act, but also recognized the procedural penalty on the state represented in the invalidity of the penal procedures and the illegality of the criminal evidence derived from torture. This study proposes to the Palestinian legislator to expand the private criminal intent in a way that makes the torture aimed at punishing the accused by the men of the public authority fall within the scope of the criminal text in the Penal Code. This study also suggests that the legislator explicitly intends to impose consequential penalties on the perpetrator of the crime represented in expulsion from service. As for the procedural aspect, this study recommends that the legislator explicitly provide for the referral of judicial police officers who engage in acts of torture to the normal criminal judge "regular courts" instead of the military judiciary.