الحماية الجنائية للشاهد في قانون الاجراءات الجزائية الفلسطيني بين الواقع والقانون)الحماية الجنائية للشاهد في التشريعات الفلسطينية- دراسه مقارنه
Date
2025-04-15
Authors
عبد سليمان احمد ابو محيميد
Abed Suliman Ahmad Abu Mahameed
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
تعتبر مكانة الشاهد عند تأدية شهادته ذات اهمية سواء قبل تحريك الدعوى الجزائية امام سلطات الضبط القضائي في مرحلة الاستدلالات اوعند سلطة الاتهام وحتى بعد تحريك الدعوى الجزائية امام القضاء، فالشـهود عيـون الجهات الامنية والقضائية واذانهـا لذلك جاءت هذه الدراسة لبيان معرفة من هو الشاهد وما هي خصائص الشهادة التي يدلي بها واثرها في حسم مجريات سير الدعوى الجزائية، وبيان الموقف الدولي من شهادة الشهود كأحــد وســائل الإثبات، باعتبارها البينة الشخصية من بـين وسائل الإثبات في المواد الجزائية، فكان لازما علينا توضيح نطاق حماية الشهود، خاصه ان مصدر الحماية للأشخاص والشهود بصفه خاصه مكفول ومعمول به منذ القدم ولصيق بالإنسان منذ ولادته.
و تأتي هذه الدراسة لبيان نصوص الحماية القانونية والتدابير اللازمة لحماية الشهود في مرحلة البحث والتحري وجمع الاستدلالات، اوخلال انعقاد الجلسات في المحاكم، وبيان انواع وصور تلك الحماية التي نص عليها المشرع الفلسطيني والتي تتمثل في الحماية الشخصية والوظيفية والقانونية، ومدى تطبيقها وتنفيذها من قبل السلطات التنفيذية، واليات استخدام التقنيات الحديثة في حماية الشهود عند الادلاء بشهادتهم.
هدفت هذه الدراسة الى بيان انواع الحماية والتي اما أن تكون موضوعیة وهي التي تتخذ من قواعد القانون الجنائي الموضوعية محلاً لها، أوأن تكون إجرائية وهي تلك الحمایة التي تتخذ من قواعد القانون الجنائي الإجرائي موضوعا، وتوضيح من هم الاطراف المشمولين بالحماية سواء الاشخاص الاصلين في الدعوى الجزائية كالشهود الذين يؤدون الشهادات في المجال الجنائي وأفراد أسرهم أوالأشخاص وثيقي الصلة بهم، اوالذين لهم دورا جوهريا في كشف قضايا الفساد، والاحتيال وسوء الإدارة وغيرها من الاعتداءات التي تهدد أمن واستقرار المجتمع، وشروط الاستفادة من نطاق الحماية الاجرائية والموضوعية، والتفرقة بين الاليات التقليدية والحديثة في اسباغ الحماية لمصلحة الشهود اثناء السير في الدعوى الجزائية في ظل وجود تنوع وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي والفضاء الواسع في ذلك.
ولتحقيق حماية الشهود استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي والمنهج المقارن لبيان ما تمتع به الشهود من حماية وضمانات قانونية وقضائية ، واهمية استخدام التقنيات الحديثه خلال مراحل الدعوى الجزائية، و مدى تطبيق استخدام تقنيات الاتصال و تعارضها مع النصوص القانونية وما اخذت به الدول والمجتمع الدولي من مبادئ وضمانات لحماية الشهود من خطر الاعتداء اوأي انتهاك قد يقع عليهم بسبب الادلاء بالشهادة .
في ختام هذه الدراسة توصل الباحث الى مجموعة من النتائج والمقترحات تتعلق باليات الحماية للشهود على اختلاف صور الشهادة و انواع الحماية على الصعيد الشخصي والوظيفي والقانوني، في حين نجد ان معاملة الشهود في القضايا الجزائية الاخرى تتم وفقا للإجراءات العادية المتبعة في قانون الاجراءات الجزائية الفلسطيني دون تخصيص لهم في المعاملة باعتبارهم شهود من حيث سماع الشهادة وغيرها من الضمانات التي تخلوا من خصوصية التعامل مع الشهود، وضعف تطبيق استخدام وسائل تكنولوجيا الاتصال في اخذ الشهادات الجزائية رغم ان كثير من الدول الاخرى سارت على هذا النهج الذي وفر ضمانات الحماية الفعالة من خطر المجرمين.
The role of witnesses in court is pivotal, whether prior to the initiation of criminal proceedings at the investigatory stage, during the prosecution phase, or after the case proceeds to trial. Witnesses serve as critical sources of information for judicial authorities, and their testimony often plays a decisive role in establishing innocence or guilt. Due to the importance of witness testimony as a fundamental form of evidence in criminal cases, this study seeks to define the qualifications of a witness, outline the essential attributes of credible testimony, and examine its influence on the direction and outcome of criminal trials. In addition, the study explores the international and legislative emphasis on safeguarding witness testimony, recognizing it as a primary form of personal evidence in criminal proceedings. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of witness protection, as the right to safety has long been upheld as an intrinsic human right essential to justice. This study aims to address the issue of legal protections and necessary measures for safeguarding witnesses, beginning from the investigative stage—during initial inquiry and evidence-gathering—through to court proceedings. Furthermore, it highlights the lack of penalties for those who violate witness protection measures. The study explores the various forms of protection outlined by Palestinian legislation, including personal, occupational, and legal safeguards, and assesses their implementation by executive authorities. It also examines the mechanisms for employing modern technologies to ensure the safety of witnesses as they give their testimony. This study aims to outline the types of witness protection, which may either be substantive anchored in the principles of substantive criminal law or procedural, grounded in procedural criminal law provisions. It clarifies the parties eligible for protection, including key individuals in criminal cases, such as witnesses providing testimony in criminal matters, their family members, close associates, and those with a significant role in uncovering corruption, fraud, mismanagement, and other threats to societal stability and security. The study also examines the conditions for accessing both substantive and procedural protections and distinguishes between traditional and modern protection methods. Special attention is given to the evolving landscape of social media and its impact on protective measures to benefit witnesses during criminal proceedings. To achieve the objective of witness protection, the researcher employed a descriptive, analytical, and comparative research approach to assess the legal and judicial protections and safeguards available to witnesses. This approach also examines the role of modern technologies as alternatives to traditional procedures for handling witnesses during criminal proceedings. The study describes the current realities faced by witnesses and the potential benefits of utilizing advanced methods for enhanced protection. It also analyzes the feasibility of implementing these methods within local contexts and legal constraints, identifying possible conflicts with domestic legislation. In addition, the study compares international principles and safeguards adopted to protect witnesses from assault or any form of violation related to or resulting from their testimony, highlighting the stance of Palestinian legislation on these matters. In conclusion, the researcher presents a set of results and recommendations emphasizing that the witness protection program has been designed to cover witnesses in corruption cases, including various forms of misconduct and misappropriation of public funds. For these cases, legislators have implemented protections at the personal, occupational, and legal levels. However, witnesses in other criminal cases are still subject to traditional procedural rules for witness questioning and open proceedings for testimony. The emphasis on oral testimony and the accused’s right to cross-examine witnesses lacks specific provisions tailored for witness protection. Furthermore, there is limited use of communication technologies for collecting testimony in criminal cases, even though many other countries have adopted this approach, offering witnesses effective safeguards against potential threats from criminals
The role of witnesses in court is pivotal, whether prior to the initiation of criminal proceedings at the investigatory stage, during the prosecution phase, or after the case proceeds to trial. Witnesses serve as critical sources of information for judicial authorities, and their testimony often plays a decisive role in establishing innocence or guilt. Due to the importance of witness testimony as a fundamental form of evidence in criminal cases, this study seeks to define the qualifications of a witness, outline the essential attributes of credible testimony, and examine its influence on the direction and outcome of criminal trials. In addition, the study explores the international and legislative emphasis on safeguarding witness testimony, recognizing it as a primary form of personal evidence in criminal proceedings. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of witness protection, as the right to safety has long been upheld as an intrinsic human right essential to justice. This study aims to address the issue of legal protections and necessary measures for safeguarding witnesses, beginning from the investigative stage—during initial inquiry and evidence-gathering—through to court proceedings. Furthermore, it highlights the lack of penalties for those who violate witness protection measures. The study explores the various forms of protection outlined by Palestinian legislation, including personal, occupational, and legal safeguards, and assesses their implementation by executive authorities. It also examines the mechanisms for employing modern technologies to ensure the safety of witnesses as they give their testimony. This study aims to outline the types of witness protection, which may either be substantive anchored in the principles of substantive criminal law or procedural, grounded in procedural criminal law provisions. It clarifies the parties eligible for protection, including key individuals in criminal cases, such as witnesses providing testimony in criminal matters, their family members, close associates, and those with a significant role in uncovering corruption, fraud, mismanagement, and other threats to societal stability and security. The study also examines the conditions for accessing both substantive and procedural protections and distinguishes between traditional and modern protection methods. Special attention is given to the evolving landscape of social media and its impact on protective measures to benefit witnesses during criminal proceedings. To achieve the objective of witness protection, the researcher employed a descriptive, analytical, and comparative research approach to assess the legal and judicial protections and safeguards available to witnesses. This approach also examines the role of modern technologies as alternatives to traditional procedures for handling witnesses during criminal proceedings. The study describes the current realities faced by witnesses and the potential benefits of utilizing advanced methods for enhanced protection. It also analyzes the feasibility of implementing these methods within local contexts and legal constraints, identifying possible conflicts with domestic legislation. In addition, the study compares international principles and safeguards adopted to protect witnesses from assault or any form of violation related to or resulting from their testimony, highlighting the stance of Palestinian legislation on these matters. In conclusion, the researcher presents a set of results and recommendations emphasizing that the witness protection program has been designed to cover witnesses in corruption cases, including various forms of misconduct and misappropriation of public funds. For these cases, legislators have implemented protections at the personal, occupational, and legal levels. However, witnesses in other criminal cases are still subject to traditional procedural rules for witness questioning and open proceedings for testimony. The emphasis on oral testimony and the accused’s right to cross-examine witnesses lacks specific provisions tailored for witness protection. Furthermore, there is limited use of communication technologies for collecting testimony in criminal cases, even though many other countries have adopted this approach, offering witnesses effective safeguards against potential threats from criminals
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Citation
ابو محيميد، عبد سليمان. (2025). الحماية الجنائية للشاهد في قانون الاجراءات الجزائية الفلسطيني بين الواقع والقانون)الحماية الجنائية للشاهد في التشريعات الفلسطينية- دراسه مقارنه [أطروحة دكتوراة منشورة، جامعة القدس، فلسطين]. المستودع الرقمي لجامعة القدس.