Vol 2 No.1

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Palestinian Prisoners and the Right to Health the Israeli Systematic Violations Against the Right to Health
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Mizher, Yazan; Terris, Daniel
The idea of this research came as a result of the increasing number of health problems among the Palestinian prisoners, and as a result of the Israeli attempts in legitimizing the grave violations against Palestinian prisoners, since the Israeli government passed and ratified many laws that directly violate Palestinian prisoners' rights, and especially the right to health. This research aims to show the responsibility of Israel under international law, and how it tries to remove the legal status of the Palestinian prisoners. This project adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods to conduct the research since they complement each other for the various aspects of this research. In the qualitative approach, reports and international treaties will be used. As for quantitative, statistics and surveys from Addameer will be used. These surveys are filled by prisoners during the lawyers’ first visits, and they include direct specific questions about the ill-treatment, and torture that they might have/ might have not experienced. The methodological approach of this project includes: - 1) Analysis of the primary documents. 2) Primary source: Such as reports published by organizations and institutions. The reports would act as a database for the research, for they include statistics, laws, procedures, etc. 3) Analysis of the secondary sources: The secondary sources used in this research are books, journals, reports, and articles. 4) Interviews: The interviews will be held with former prisoners who have been detained in Israeli prisons, and with people who have experience with the mechanisms that Israel uses in the lawmaking process. This research is expected to conclude that Palestinian prisoners' right to health is deliberately violated by the prison administration and the Israeli judicial system. Also, it's expected that this research will explore how the judicial system in Israel deals with the grave violations of prisoners' right to health. The hypothesis of this research is trying to prove how the Israeli military and judicial system are biased and do not comply with the international treaties and agreements that Israel has signed and ratified. The significance of this research is to show how Palestinian prisoners' right to health is systematically violated, and what are the methods that Israel uses in its violation. The most challenging part of this research is to prove that Israeli violations are systematic.
Spatio-Temporal Analysis for LanduseLandcover in Bethlehem District Using Remote Sensing and GIS
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Hrenat, Hala; ِAbuseba’a, Shurooq; Abu Rajab, Nidal
The aim of this project is to make a comprehensive study to find solutions for spatial issues in Bethlehem, such as the situation of natural reserves, the situation of roads, the spatial analysis for schools and facilities locations, the expansion of urban areas. The data was collected from satellite imagery (Landsat from USGS Earth Explorer, Sentinel from ESA Open Access Hup, and municipalities), facilities locations (schools, dumping sites, and hospitals), as well as Aerial photos. The data of satellite imagery were classified according to Corrine classifications, and then analyzed the current facilities of Bethlehem District. Spatial analysis was conducted to suggest new facility locations, and centerlines of roads were digitized from aerial photos and were analyzed to suggest new roads location. In the end, the results showed that there was a big growth of urban areas, shrinkage of the natural reserves areas, and an expansion of the Israeli settlements during the years (1987, 2002, 2013, 2015, 2018). The researchers suggest new places for roads and facilities (such as schools, and dumping sites).
The Educational, Emotional and Physical Effects of Lock-Down Due to COVID-19 on Palestinian Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Amer, Saif; Hamad, Khalil; Idrees, Fatima; Almasri, Kamal; Kateeb, Elham
Background: Corona-virus pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide. On March 5th, 2020, the first cases were identified in Palestine, and a partial lockdown including schools was imposed and then being followed by a total lockdown from March 22nd until May 26th. Students stayed home and switched to online learning, for almost two months with restrictions on many aspects of their lives. Therefore, this study aimed to explore how the lockdown related to the current pandemic impacted the lives of a convenient sample of Palestinian students. Methods: An online survey using google forms were sent out to a convenient sample of students participating in extracurricular programs offered by Al Nayzak Palestine, and Code Palestine. Fifteen questions asked about the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown imposed in the period between March 5th and May 26th on students’ physical activity, emotions, social relationships and education. Gender and grade level data were also collected. Parental consent was obtained for all participants. Results: One-hundred and four students completed the survey in September 2020. 39% were boys and 40% were in 11th grade, 30% in 9th grade and 24% were in 10th grade. Sixty-four percent did a little or no form of physical activity during this period and 61% increased their screen time due to gaming and online learning. Forty-two percent did not care about the Corina virus and 35% were worried, mainly because of the fear that their family may get infected. 30% reported that they had less contact with family and friends and 49% missed them very much during the lockdown. 30% percent thought that the current pandemic affected their learning a lot and 21% thought they should not go back to schools in person until the pandemic has completely gone away. Conclusion: Data from this survey suggests that there is a significant physical, emotional and educational impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students. Parents and teachers should be encouraged to discuss these major issues with students to address their challenges. Students’ opinions and feelings need to be addressed in any future plan of changing the learning format in response to the current pandemic worries.
Assessing Nutritional Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices and their Association with Body Mass Index Among a Group of Students at Al-Quds University
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Mansour, Iman; Njoom, Njood; Ghrayeb, Afnan; Agha, Hazem
Background: Good nutrition is essential for the growth, development and maintenance of health throughout life. Beyond the negative impact, malnutrition has on socio-economic development, lack of sufficient foods and quality food undermines the quality of health and the wellness of the population of all ages. Development in nutrition science has continued to show a linkage between health and nutrition since the 20th-century discovery on the consequences of malnutrition. Objective: The main objective of the study was to assess the nutritional knowledge, attitude and practices and their association with body mass index among a group of students from Al- Quds University. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire given to a group of students from Al-Quds University. The questionnaire was designed based on earlier studies to meet the study objectives. The questions were translated into Arabic. The Inclusion criteria in this study included Bachelors's students from different faculties at Al-Quds University. The exclusion criteria included academic staff, pregnant and lactating females, higher studies students and administrative. The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Software (SPSS) version 20 using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. Results: Four hundred and nighty out of 500 distributed questionnaires were returned successfully. Over half (50.2%) of them were males. 66.3% of the participants had good nutritional knowledge, 61.8% had a positive attitude regarding healthy eating and 31.2% had good practices regarding healthy eating. The demographic character was not a significant predictor of nutritional attitude. However, there was a significant predictor between demographic character and nutritional knowledge and practices. There was a positive relationship at the level of significance p-value 0.005 or less and the alpha sign between attitude and practices, knowledge and attitude. Most of the students (53.35%) exhibited normal weight. Health professions and medical students had good nutritional knowledge compared to education science and business & economics students. Conclusion: The majority of the sample had good nutritional knowledge and practices. However, most of them shown a negative nutritional attitude regarding healthy eating. The university should develop a nutritional course to be taught as a university requirement course.
Transcending Zionism Identity and Inclusion Across the Borders of its Colonial Schema
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Milhem, Zeina; Ruiz, Laura Menchaca
The Israeli State envisions itself as first and foremost a Jewish state. Its founding narrative is that it offers refuge and safe haven to Jews from around the world, who would otherwise face discrimination. However, seen from a historical perspective, Zionism used non-European Jews as colonial tools to emancipate the European Jew. Within this process of emancipation, new Jewish identities emerged like the “New Jew” and the “Mizrahi” while others have been marginalized like the “Arab Jew”. My research explores the various ways Zionism has included and excluded Jewish groups [Arab Jew and Sephardim] in various stages of its colonial presence in Palestine. I complicate Zionism’s colonial schema through analyzing the role of the Mizrahi in advancing and hindering the process of Zionist nation-building. Through exploring Zionism’s domain of labour in Palestine, this project explores the limits of the borders and boundaries of the Zionist colonial - schema. .
A Comparative Study of Antipsychotic Drugs Use Among Psychiatric Patients in Palestine Quality of Life (QOL) and Long-acting Injectable (LAI) Assessment
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Sughaiar, Sarah; Alkurde, Basema; Zaro, Ibrahim; Ebido, Hamzeh; Shaheen, Muamar
past decade and were used mainly for long-term treatment of schizophrenia. However, their role in short term intermittent use and for other psychiatric conditions were not elucidated clearly. Objectives: To compare the quality-of-life improvement for patients on LAIs comparing to conventional treatment and whether the improvement was clinical or psychosocial in nature. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was run on psychiatric patients who are taking LAIs and/or conventional treatment at Mohammad Said Kamal hospital for mental illness in Bethlehem and Mental Health Clinic of The Ministry of Health in Hebron city from September 2019 to March 2020. GAF score was calculated for each patient among other mental scale scores such as CGI-S and DIEPSS to determine the quality of life and other aspects of improvement. Patients were categorized into LAIs-taking only or LAIs and conventional treatment groups. A previously used and standardized questionnaire with some modifications was used to collect information about relapse and enhancement of their status. Results: Fifty-one patients were included in this study, 74 % were males, age 30-89 years old (42% were 50-59 years old). Ten percent of patients only were on LAIs alone and the rest were taking a combination of both LAIs and conventional treatment. Patients' GAF scores ranged from 11-20 to 91-100 with a spectrum of patients on all GAF score scale range. Thirty-seven percent of patients fell in the GAF score 51-60; Moderate symptoms (flat affect and circumlocutory speech, occasional panic attacks) or moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning. Patients were taking one to six drugs at a time. There was a negative relationship between taking many drugs along with LAIs and scoring badly on GAF scale. One patient was on Haloperidol IM depot injection scored 91-100 on GAF and was stable and improving. The main reasons for substitution to LAIs from highest to lowest, were as follows; adherence (24 patients), no reason at all (14), patient dissatisfaction (7), adherence and patient dissatisfaction (3), then side effects, convenience (ease of use), and availability of the drug at the same level (1 patient each). Conclusions: Erratic drug supply especially during crises times (COVID-19) for crucial drugs such as LAIs plays a major role in adherence and prognosis of psychiatric conditions. Dealing with LAIs as emergency use only in some practices was the main reason for relapse and instability in psychiatric conditions and will affect social improvement.
Development of an In-House Indirect ELISA Kit for Detection and Identification of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Antibodies
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Maraqa, Deema; Abu Rmaileh, Hidaya; Hoshiyah, Islam; Rasheed, Ameena; Abu Ghazaleh, Robin
Infectious bronchitis virus is fatal and highly contagious. Despite the vaccination of industrialized poultry, it causes serious losses in commercial poultry worldwide. Several studies proved that ELISA is more accurate, sensitive, rapid and less technically demanding than Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test when used to detect antibody titers against IBV. However, commercial ELISA kits against IBV are very expensive. The development of an in-house indirect ELISA kit will be challenging to standardized but offer the potential of providing a cost-effective tool for local vaccine efficacy testing that will be easier to use than HI testing. The setup of an in-house indirect ELISA will go through several main stages. Firstly, antigen production will rely upon obtaining the virus from a live vaccine, which will then be inoculated in eggs allantoic fluid in order to get a large amount of NDV. Secondly, purification and quantification steps will be done and verified by Haemagglutination test, spectrophotometry and SDS-PAGE. After validation of antigen preparation, ELISA plates will be coated with antigens and tested using serial diluted serum samples. In sucrose gradient purification, purified virus band is expected to form between 40%-50% sucrose gradient. According to literatures, we expect to have roughly 6 polypeptides with molecular weight ranged from 12 KDa to 160 KDaas a result of SDS-PAGE. Moreover, we predict to have a highly sensitive and specific indirect ELISA kit for the detection of IBV infection.
تأثير القلق من امتحان الرياضيات على التحصيل الأكاديمي لدى طالبات مدرسة بنات حارس الثانوية
(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) قاسم, دانا; شملاوي, هديل; موقدي, كوكب
هدف البحث إلى تقليل قلق الامتحان في مادة الرياضيات لدى طالبات مدرسة بنات حارس الثانوية وتحسين مستوى تحصيل الطالبات. ولتحقيق أهداف البحث طورت الباحثتان استبانة مكونة من 32 فقرة تعبر عن مشاعر الطالبة واتجاهاتها قبل وأثناء اختبار الرياضيات لتقيس قلق الاختبار، وامتحان قبلي وبعدي، وملاحظة أداء طالبات العينة خلال الحصص. تم اختيار عينة من مدرسة بنات حارس الثانوية بطريقة العينة العشوائية الطبقية حيث تكونت عينة البحث من 74 طالبة من طالبات الصف الخامس إلى الصف الحادي عشر العلمي والأدبي، وتم استخدام المنهج الإجرائي في هذا البحث. أما واستخدام برنامج الرزم الاحصائي SPSS تحليل الاستبانة، فقد خضعت العينة إلى برنامج إرشادي بالتعاون مع المرشدة، بالإضافة إلى استراتيجيات تدريس تم تحديدها في البحث بالتعاون مع معلمات الرياضيات، كما أن طالبات الصف الحادي عشر علمي قاموا بتدريس طالبات العينة باستخدام تعليم الأقران. أظهرت نتائج البحث أن تنويع استراتيجيات التدريس يؤثر على تحصيل الطالبات في المدرسة بشكل إيجابي، وأن هناك علاقة إحصائية عكسية بين التحصيل والقلق، وأن العلاقة غير دالة إحصائيًا بين قلق الاختبار والبرنامج الإرشادي المتبع في البحث إلا أن هذا البرنامج الارشادي كان له أثر ملحوظ في تصرف الطالبات قبل وأثناء الاختبار حيث لوحظ أن طالبات العينة تأثرت من خلال أداء تمارين الاسترخاء والحديث بإيجابية عن الاختبار، وبناء على نتائج البحث تم تقديم توصيات خاصة لتقليل قلق اختبار الرياضيات ورفع التحصيل الأكاديمي لطالبات مدرسة بنات حارس الثانوية.
صعوبات التعامل الغذائي مع حساسية الطعام في فلسطين «تطبيق مكونات»
(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) عودة, طارق نزيه; دويكات, سعد نظام
قمنا في بحثنا هذا بنشر استبانة إلكترونية على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي مثل: WhatsApp، Facebook في مدينة نابلس فاستجاب 77 شخصاً ممن يعانون من حساسية الطعام فوجدنا أن حساسية الطعام شائعة في المجتمع الفلسطيني: 40% عند الكبار و60% عند أطفالهم. كما أن هناك تقريباً ثلث (29%) الأشخاص تم تشخيصهم من قبل طبيب وأن هناك حاجة طبية لتشخيص 70% من المصابين. أكثر من نصف المرضى المصابين (56%) دون سن العشرين: الأطفال واليافعين. تشكل المواد التالية ما يزيد عن الجزء الأكبر (82%) من المواد المحسسة بالمجتمع الفلسطيني: حليب البقر، والموز، والبيض، والمأكولات البحرية، وبروتين فول الصويا، والكيوي، والمكسرات، والأسماك وهي مواد غذائية أساسية. حساسية المواد الغذائية لها تأثير سلبي كبير على حياة المريض وعائلته إذ تحد من نشاطه الاجتماعي ومن تناول الوجبات خارج المنزل، وتقلل من نشاطه الاجتماعي كحضور الولائم والأعراس وغيرها. كما أن مكونات الأطعمة تبدو غريبة عند كثير من المرضى أو عائلاتهم وتسبب القلق والخوف عند شراء أطعمة عند غالبيتهم وتستغرق جهداً كبيراً في التسوق لمعرفة هذه المكونات. لذا فإن نسبة عالية جداً (90%) ترى أن وجود تطبيق باللغة العربية يبين مكونات الأطعمة يعتبر مفيداً لهم. قمنا بعمل نسخة تجريبية مصغرة عن تطبيق للهواتف الذكية التي تعمل بنظام التشغيل (أندرويد) لتقوم بمسح وقراءة (Qr code) يُفترض وجوده على المنتجات الغذائية، ليبين للمستهلك مكونات هذا المنتج ويقوم بتنبيهه إذا ما احتوى على إحدى المواد التي تُعتبر مثيرة للحساسية لديه حسب جدول قام بتعبئته في الشاشة الأولى للتطبيق. في ختام بحثنا نوصي بضرورة توعية المُصنّع والمستورد الفلسطيني بضرورة وأهمية تزويد كل منتج بـ (Qr code) يحتوي مكونات هذا المنتج، بالإضافة إلى العمل الجاد في إيجاد البدائل الغذائية للمحرومين من بعض أنواع الطعام الضرورية لأجسامهم.
الحماية الخاصة للصحفي الفلسطيني في ظل السياسة الجنائية الدولية
(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) الرشق, رنين جمال سالم; دقماق, نجاح
عاصرت الحروب الانسان منذ وجوده على الارض ونتج عنها معاناة والآلام شديدتين لم تكن موثقة إلا في أماكن تواجد الصحفيين لكن دون المشاركة في أي اعتداءت أو مواجهة خطر، إذ يقتصر دورهم على التوثيق ونشر الحقائق ليكونوا عين الحق بنقل المعلومة المرئية والمسموعة والمقروءة . يعتبر الصحفيون ضمير الامة النابض بالحياة بعد أن حملوا الراية في الدفاع عن كل ما يحاك في الظلام والعلن ضد مستقبلنا وحلمنا وحياتنا الابدية . حيث يمارس الصحفيون دور الراصد ليضعوا الرأي العام في قلب الحدث، رغم صعوبة العمل ومخاطرها التي تواجههم في سبيل ايصال المعلومات. يتعرض الصحفيون لخطر الاصابة أو الموت أو الاحتجاز أو الطرد وعرقلة العمل، كون فلسطين دولة تحت الاحتلال ومنطقة نزاع مسلح تتصاعد فيها جرائم الحرب وغيرها من انتهاكات القانون الدولي الانساني و القانون الدولي لحقوق الانسان، علما بأنّ سكان أي إقليم يوجدون في اي إقليم محتل يتمتعون بالحماية الدولية وهناك واجبات تقع على دولة الاحتلال. إذ تضمن اتفاقيات جنيف الاربعة لعام 1949 الحماية للصحفيين باعتبارهم اشخاص مدنيين وتكفل حمايتهم اثناء النزاع المسلح والذي قد ورد في المادة (79)و (52) من البروتوكول الاضافي الاول لعام 1977 التي تنص على حماية الصحفيين بالنزاعات العسكرية و الحماية لعامة للأعيان المدنية، ويعتبر ما يتعرض له الصحفيون من انتهاكات جسيمة للقانون الدولي الانساني والقانون الدولي الجنائي - الذي يمكن التعرف عليهم من خلال ما يرتديه في الميدان - جريمة حرب و جريمة ضد الانسانية حسب ما جاء في المادة 7 و 8 من ميثاق روما (النظام الاساسي لمحكمة الحنائية الدولية ) لعام 1998. لكن هذه الحماية الدولية ليس لها أي فائدة إن لم يكن هناك ضمانات أهمها: لا يجوز لدولة الاحتلال قتل سكان الأرض المحتلة من خلال ممارسة التعذيب بحقهم أو إبادتهم، فعليها أن تلتزم بحمايتهم وتمنع أفرادها من العسكريين أو المدنيين من القيام بهكذا أعمال على اعتبار أنّ إسرائيل هي طرف في اتفاقيات القانون الدولي الانساني وعلى وجه الخصوص اتفاقية جنيف الرابعة لعام 1949 التي ترفض تطبيقها على الأراضي الفلسطينية المحتلة. وما تقوم به إسرائيل من انتهاكات جسيمة بحق المدنيين مخطط ومدروس بعناية على نحو هجوم متعمد من القوة غير المتناسبة بهدف القتل وفرض سياسة ارهاب بحق المدنيين وعلى وجه الخصوص الصحفيين والأفعال التي ترتكب تؤدي إلى المسؤولية الجنائية الفردية. وفيما يتعلق بالصحفيين تعمل دولة الاحتلال الإسرائيلي على عرقلة عملهم وأحياناً تصل إلى اعتقالهم و/ أو إصابتهم بهدف تقييد حرية التنقل لهم، بهدف حجب الرواية الإسرائيلية المتعلقة بانتهاكاتهم بحق الصحفيين، ناهيكم عن قتل عدد منهم بذرائع واهية. والشواهد على ذلك كثيرة منها: اصابة الصحفي معاذ العمارنة في 15 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 2019، استشهاد المصور الصحفي ياسر مرتجى يوم 6 نيسان (أبريل)2018 . إشكالية البحث: تتمحور إشكاليه البحث بالاعتداء على الصحفيين وبيان مدى كفاية نصوص المعاهدات الدولية الخاصة بحماية هذه الفئة والقوانين الوطنية من خلال توفير الحماية القانونية من خلال مساءلة مرتكبي الجرائم بحقهم. أسئلة البحث: الصحفيون أ ثناء عملهم سواء في المقرات الصحفية أو في المدائن يتعرضوا للعديد من الانتهاكات التي تمس حياتهم وحرياتهم والتي تنتهك حقوقهم كمدنيين وكإعلامين. 1. من هم الصحفيون في المواثيق والاتفاقيات الدولية وما هي طبيعة عمله؟ 2. ما هو المقصود بمفهوم الاعتداء على الصحافه الوطنيه وبيان الإطار القانوني الذي ينظم الموضوع؟ 3. هل التشريعات الجنائيه الداخلية عرفت أو اشتملت على موضوع الاعتداء على فئة الصحفيين؟ 4. ما هي الآليات والمحددات التي يتم من خلالها تحديد المشمولين في تعريف الصحفيين الخاضعين للحماية الدولية بموجب الاتفاقيات؟ 5. ما مدى فاعلية نصوص المعاهدات ذات العلاقه بموضوع الاعتداءات الواقعه على الصحفيين من حيث تحقيق مبدأ السياسة العقابية فرض عقوبات مشددة بحق كل من يرتكب فعلا جنائيا يقع على هذه الفئة المحمية بموجب الاتفاقيات الدولية؟ 6. هل التعويض عن الأضرار الجسيمة يستحق؟ وهل هو عادل ومتناسب مع جسامة الضرر الذي فيهم؟ أهمية البحث: تتجلى اهمية دراسة هذه الموضوع كالآتي: 1. يمثل هذه الموضوع أهمية بالغة بسبب أنّ فلسطين دولة تحت الاحتلال، ناهيكم عن الظروف المعقدة وما يتعرض لها أبناء الشعب الفلسطيني من انتهاكات وعلى وجه الخصوص فئة الصحفيين. 2. نشر الوعي حول حقوق الصحفيين والجزاء المترتب على افعال الاعتداءات التي ترتكب بحقهم. 3. يعتبر موضوع حماية الصحفيين من المواضيع المهمه التي لم تحصل على نصيب كاف ٍ من الاهتمام وقلة الابحاث والدراسات جعلتها بحاجه للمزيد من الدراسة والبحث. أهداف البحث: تسعى الباحثة إلى تحقيق الاهداف التالية: 1. الوقوف على المفهوم القانوني لجريمة الاعتداء على الصحفيين بهدف الوصول الى التفسير السليم لصحة نصوص المعاهدات الدولية الخاصه بحماية الصحفيين. 2. بيان مدى فعالية المعاهدات والمواثيق الدولية في تحقيق الحماية الجزائية التي يجب أن يتمتع بها الصحفيون. 3. تبيان الفجوة بين نصوص القانون الدولي وتطبيقه من حيث الجزاء على أرض الواقع. نطاق البحث: من حيث النطاق الموضوعي: فعال الاعتداء على الصحفيين الفلسطينيين، بحيث تهدف الباحثة إلى دراسة مفهوم جرائم الاعتداء وتمييزها عن غيرها من الاعتداءات على الفئات المحمية في القانون الدولي وإبراز مواطن القوة في نصوص القوانين الدولية وبيان مدى قدرة تلك النصوص على توفير الحماية الجزائية الفعالة للصحفيين وضمانات تنفيذها. من حيث النطاق المكاني: تعتمد الباحثة في دراستها لموضوع حماية الصحفيين على دراسة القوانين الفلسطينية والاتفاقيات والمواثيق والقرارات الدولية ومناقشتها وتحليلها والمقارنة من حيث مدى موائمة التشريعات السارية في فلسطين مع الاتفاقيات والمواثيق الدولية الخاصة بهذا الموضوع. منهجية البحث: تعتمد الباحثة في هذا البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي الذي يقوم على استعراض نصوص من معاهدات واتفاقيات مواثيق دولية وتفسيرها لبيان مدى قدرتها على توفير الحماية لهذه الفئة، بالإضافة لاعتمادها المنهج الميداني من خلال اجراء المقابلات القانونية في المراكز المختصة مع ذوي الاختصاص نتائج وتوصيات: 1. العمل على ملاحقة مرتكبي ومجرمي الحرب الإسرائيليين لقتل الصحفيين الفلسطينيين أمام المحكمة الجائية الدولية، لإنّ الافلات من العقاب يشجع على المزيد من الانتهاكات بحقهم. 2. على دولة فلسطين أن تحترم وتلتزم بما انضمت إليه من مواثيق واتفاقيات دولية وتعمل على موائمة تشريعاتها الوطنية من خلال تغييرها وتطويرها وفق نصوص الاتفاقيات الدولية بهدف المساهمة في تعزيز الحريات العامة. 3. ونوصي: بأن يتم تدريب قانوني للصحفيين لتوعيتهم بأحكام القانون الدولي وحمايتهم الخاصة لممارسة عملهم ضمن إطار الوعي وفق القانون.
Clinical Significance of KRAS Mutation in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Patients
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Makhamra, Sajeda; Al-Assa, Rawan; Hallak, Hussein
Background: According to 2018 Palestinian statistics, CRC is the second most common type of cancer; it contributes significantly to cancer-related deaths despite the continuous progress in diagnostic and therapeutic methods. One of the advances in CRC is the introduction of EGFRI that increased the treatment options available for a patient with mCRC, two EGFEI agents are approved for the treatment of mCRC: pantinumab and cetiximab. KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer. KRAS gene mutation in CRC is a well-established biomarker for predicting tumor responsiveness towards the use of EGFEI. KRAS gene mutation is available at Palestinian MOH, testing started in 8/2019 for patients at Stage 4 metastatic CRC (because in Stage 1 to 3 even if KRAS mutation was positive this did not result in a change in therapeutic regimen). Oncologists can make the clinical decision regarding therapy according to KRAS test results, where if the result shows wild type KRAS, the therapy is Avastin and/or EGFRI. However, patients with mutant KRAS, EGFRI are known to be not effective. So, all metastatic CRC patients must undergo genetic testing to differentiate between the wild type and mutant KRAS in order to avoid side effects of EGFRI and save drug cost. Objectives: Compare outcome between lab testing results and patient records in order to determine if the input provided from the lab is implemented in patient treatment protocol and to evaluate if international treatment protocols are being implemented in a colon cancer patient with KRAS mutation. Methods: The study involved 88 patients diagnosed with CRC and treated between 2016-2020 in Beit Jala, Alwatani, Refedia and Thabit Hospitals. 40 patients had genetics analysis in the national blood bank Ramallah- Palestine. Results: A total of 88 CRC patients were included in the study, 45 were female, 43 were male. 37.5% of patients were above 60 years old. The study included a random sample of 48 CRC patients, 29/48 (60.42%) received chemotherapy, 6/48 (12.5%) received biological (Avastin) and chemotherapy 8/48 (16.66%) underwent radiotherapy and 29/48 (60.42%) underwent surgery. Out of the 48 randomized CRC patients, 16/48 (33.33%) had metastasis. Out of the 88 CRC patients, 40 had KRAS gene test results, 27 (67.5%) were found to have KRAS mutation; all are Stage 4 metastatic (32.5% metastasis to the liver). 33 patients underwent therapy, 11 of them had wild type KRAS while 22 had mutant KRAS. All treated patients received chemotherapy, 9 of them (27.27%) underwent surgery; 3 (9.09%) underwent radiotherapy. Biological drugs were administered to 21 (63.63%) patients, 7 of them had wild type KRAS (2 patients received bevacizumab (Avastin®), 4 patients received cetuximab and 1 received trasuzumab). The remaining 14 patients had mutant KRAS, 13 patients of them receive Avastin and 1 patient received cetuximab with chemotherapy. Conclusions: The introduction of KRAS mutation test at Palestinian MOH is an important advance in mCRC treatment that can directly influence medical decision-making and selection of the appropriate biological treatment. The data collected also indicates that a high percentage (67.5%) of mCRC Palestinian patients have mutant KRAS.
Stress, Anxiety and Depression Among Dental Students in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Abu Kwaik, Aya; Saleh, Raghad; Danadneh, Mayar; Kateeb, Elham
Introduction: Dental students in their clinical training face a higher risk of contracting the disease, COVID-19, as well as experiencing adverse psychological outcomes. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 and the lockdown on the mental health of dental students during the current pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among dental students during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess levels of depression, anxiety, and stress using the standardized DASS-21 scale. In addition, demographic, socio-economic, academic performance, sources of information about COVID-19, and perception of on-line education difficulties were collected. Results: A total of 436 students completed the survey (55.18% response rate). In the current sample, 48% (n=209), 76% (n=33), 70% (n=305) showed different levels of stress, anxiety and depression. Dental students who stated that their family income was impacted by COVID-19 showed signs of depression, X2=7.3, p=.007, and anxiety, X2=6.1, p=.013. Dental students who faced difficulties in switching to e-learning reported different levels of depression, X2=14, p<.001; anxiety, X2=9, p=.003; and stress, X2=24, p<.001. Conclusions: In preparation for the next academic year, strategies to support the mental health of dental students in their clinical training and e-learning process should be in place.
Emotional Intelligence Among Medical Students in Palestine A Cross-Sectional Study
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Ewaiwi, Bashair Imad; Hijazi, Bassel Yaser; Attiyeh, Rania Khaleel; Niroukh, Effat Ayman; Adawi, Samer Osama; Al-Qaissi, Heba Saleem; Faris, Khaled Jamal; Darras, Osama Majed; Zuhour, Afnan Ibraheem; Ibraheem, Nabeel Karlo; Hammad, Shorouq Yosef; Al-Masri, Tabark Abd Al-Raheem; Hallak, Hussien
Background: Emotional intelligence (EI) is defined as a pro-social behavior that deals with recognizing, understanding, influencing and managing our own and other’s emotions. In medical education and clinical practice, EI has been related to improves the doctor-patient relationship. Objectives: Measure EI among Palestinian medical students in two stages of their studies, clinical and basic sciences, and assessing the factors that may affect it. Moreover, compare medical students of Al-Quds and Al-Najah Universities regarding EI score and detect possible differences. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based, online survey was conducted among 692 medical students in Al-Quds and Al-Najah universities in Palestine. Emotional intelligence was evaluated using a 33-item scale as an index introduced by Schutte et al. (1998). Data was analyzed in a quantitative manner using SPSS (VER.20). Results: 745 students filled the questionnaire with a response rate of 92.88%. A total of 692 were sampled which were representative of the student population. The mean score of EI is 3.83 (SD=0.41) out of a maximum possible score of 5 with 69.1% of the sample having high EI. Statistics showed that EI decreased significantly at α≤0.05 among basic and clinical stages of study with a negative correlation between EI and academic year (PCC= -0.086). This indicates that as the academic year increases, EI decreases (p=0.023). Moreover, EI is affected significantly at α≤0.05 in a positive manner by having a hobby or doing extracurricular activities. In addition, students who indicate they always regret studying medicine tend to relate to lower EI, this may reflect the lack of interest to study this field. Conclusion: Medical students, both male and female, have a relatively high level of emotional intelligence in the universities that were studied. Students in the clinical stage have lower EI than basic sciences medical students, which indicates that students have a conflict between objectivity and humanity while training clinically. Therefore, emotional support during clinical years would serve in improving EI. Moreover, EI is affected by having a hobby or extracurricular activities, indicating that EI can be modulated through the encouragement of such activities.
دور مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي ومؤسسات المجتمع في العزوف عن القراءة
(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) النتشة, بتول أمجد; قنيبي, عبير رشدي
هدف البحث إلى تقصي دور مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي وثقافة المجتمع ومؤسساته في العزوف عن القراءة لدى طالبات الحادي عشر العلمي في مدرسة وداد ناصر الدين الثانوية للبنات. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة تم اختيار عينة عشوائية من الطالبات والتي بلغ عددها (42) طالبة، وقامت الباحثة بإعداد استبيان يقيس عزوف الطالبات عن القراءة في ثلاثة محاور وهي: موقع التواصل الاجتماعي (الفيس بوك)، ونظرة المجتمع، ومسؤولية المؤسسات المجتمعية. وأشارت النتائج إلى أن من أهم الأسباب التي تؤدي إلى العزوف عن القراءة هو الانشغال على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي، وقلة اهتمام مؤسسات المجتمع التي تُعنى بالقراءة ووزارة الثقافة بالتحفيز على القراءة لطلبة المدارس من خلال المسابقات، والمنشورات الدورية وغيرها، كما أن المحيط الذي يعيش فيه الطالب لا يشجع على القراءة بشكل كبير. وأوصى البحث بضرورة تعزيز القراءة باستحداث منصات إلكترونية تساهم في خلق التوجهات الإيجابية نحو القراءة وتقدير القارئين من فئة طلاب المدارس ومنذ سنوات مبكرة سيغير من نظرة المجتمع نحو القراءة.
Management of Burns in Gaza-Strip A Multi-center Clinical Audit
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Aldaya, Haneen Younis; Abu Jamie, Najlaa; Abu Shammala, Haneen; AL-Bashiti, Suzan; shaheen, Hala; Alazar, Ameera; Hammad, Motaz; Ghunim, Mohammed; Al Moghrabi, Ahmed; Bottcher, Bettina
A combined prospective and retrospective study was conducted in the ERs of Al-Shifa, Nasser Medical Complex and European Gaza hospitals. Two structured questionnaires were used to collect the management of burn according to the Palestinian management protocol. This study found that from the 147 cases that came to the ER, 37.6% underwent ABCDE approach and 87.8% (n=129/147) received sterile dressings. Background: Burns is a global public health problem and appropriate intervention will decrease morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the management of burns in the emergency room (ER), burns units and intensive care units (ICU) of the Gaza-Strip. Objectives: To evaluate the management of burns in the ER, burns unit and ICU in terms of following ABCDE approach, using sterile dressings, giving ﬂuid resuscitation, antibiotics, ranitidine and undergoing physiotherapy. Methods: A prospective study evaluated the management of patients presenting with burns injuries to the ER between the period 22nd July to 20 August 2018, and retrospectively, management of patients was evaluated, who were admitted to the burns units and to ICU between 1st January 2017 and 30th July 2018 at Al-Shifa Hospital and Nasser Medical Complex. The Palestinian management protocol was used for evaluation. A total of 428 patients were identified to have burns injuries during the study period. Of these, 142 were excluded, 108 due to missing files and 34 files had poor documentation (no documentation of medication or assessments). Included were 147 patients admitted to ER, 122 on the burns unit and 17 on the ICU. Results: In the ER, 57.1% (n=84/147) of patients were male, with a mean age of 15.4±14.1. Of the 147 cases, 17.7% (n=26/147) were major burns, which included more than 10% total body surface area burned (TBSA). Of these, 37.6% underwent ABCDE approach and 87.8% (n=129/147) received sterile dressings. From the 122 patients admitted to the burns unit, 59.8% (n=73) were male with a mean age of 11.4±14.6 years. From these, 47.5% (n=58/122) underwent ﬂuid resuscitation, 97.5% (n=119/122) received antibiotics, 17.2% (n=21/122) received ranitidine and 56.6% (n=69/122) underwent physiotherapy. Out of the 17 patients admitted to ICU, 76.5% (n=13/17) were male, with a mean age of 19.2±12.8 years. All of these patients received prophylactic antibiotics, 58.8% (n=10/17) had endotracheal intubation, 5.9% (n=1/17) underwent central venous pressure measurement (CVP), 23.5% (n=4/17) had ABG tested and 88.2% (n=15/17) kidney function tests (KFT), and 64.7% (n=11/17) received ranitidine. No patient had a chest X-Ray (CXR) or carbon monoxide (CO) level done. From the ICU patients, 17.6% (n=3/17) benefitted from physiotherapy, and 35.3% (n=6/17) Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate poor adherence to guidelines in some points, such as patients presenting with major burns, who should all benefit from the ABCDE approach, but less than 40% of patients actually did and antibiotics, which should only be prescribed when indicated, were given to nearly all patients admitted to the burns unit or ICU. Efforts are required to improve staff practices with burn injuries.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Using Dental Floss Among Dental Students at Al-Quds University
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Saleh, Raghad; Khrishie, Hiba; Nieroukh, Ruba; Danadneh, Mayar; Kateeb, Elham
Introduction: Dental plaque is one of the major factors in the initiation and progression of dental caries, gingivitis and periodontal diseases. It has been reported that tooth brushing alone can clean only 3 surfaces of the tooth's five surfaces. Thus combining tooth brushing with interdental cleaning is crucial. Dental floss is one of the most effective interdental interventions that remove plaque between the teeth. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices related to the use of dental floss among dental students at Al-Quds University, Palestine. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among dental students from the Faculty of Dentistry at Al Quds University from first to the fifth year, to assess knowledge about the use of dental floss, attitude towards the importance of the use of dental floss and students' practice related to the use of dental floss. In addition, socio-demographic information was collected. Results: 292 students completed the survey, the sample was composed of 18.2% in 1st year, 16.1% in the 2nd year, 18.2% in the 3rd year, 22.3% in the 4th and 25.3% in the 5th year. Students who use dental floss, 33.3% believes that modern toothbrush is similar to dental floss, the relation of dental floss use with students who believed that modern toothbrushes with advanced bristle design remove interdental plaque similar to dental floss it was less, X2=6.2, p=0.01. Students who believed that the use of dental floss beside toothbrush daily is important to gingival health 55.2%, in relation of the use of dental floss X2 =5.6, p=0.02. 35% of students who use dental floss believed that the use of dental floss is difficult, with the use of dental floss X2 =20, p=0.05. 48.5% of students who use dental floss believe that dental floss is not given adequate importance in dental education, with the use of dental floss X2 =4.2, p=0.04. For knowledge results 58.2% of students who use dental floss know how to use dental floss with X2 =25, p<0.05. For practice results, students who use mouthwash, used dental floss more, X2=10.8, p=0.001. Conclusions: Al-Quds University dental students have adequate knowledge on how effective is using the floss as an adjunct to the toothbrush, we still should encourage the community and students to do so.
Smart Glove for Translating Arabic Sign Language
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Qasrawi, Hana’; Shawar, Dana; Dwiek, Amal
Abstract: Deaf and mute people who use sign language are often isolated and forced to live in a limited world, as they face serious communication problems. This project uses small components to build a communication device to support the communication between deaf and mute people with people who do not understand their language, thus fostering their independence. The proposed system includes a smart glove that translates the Arabic sign alphabets, which is the representation of the letters of a writing system, and sometimes numeral systems, using only the hands. These manual alphabets (also known as finger alphabets or hand alphabets) have often been used in deaf education. The smart glove that translates the Arabic Sign Language (ARSL) alphabet was successfully enabled deaf and mute users to translate the signals they make with their hands and fingers into Arabic letters that are transmitted via Bluetooth to the mobile device to appear on the mobile screen. The glove also enabled the user to communicate with people who have no idea about ARSL. Background:  Arabic Sign Language (ARSL) Arabic Sign Language is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the Arab World. Many efforts have been made to establish the sign language used in individual countries, including Jordan, Egypt, Libya and the Gulf States, by trying to standardize the language and spread it among members of the Deaf community and other concerned. ARSLs are still in their developmental stages, only in recent years has there been an awareness of the existence of communities consisting of individuals with disabilities; the Deaf are not an exception. Arab Deaf communities are almost closed ones. Interaction between a Deaf community and a hearing one is minimal and is basically concentrated around families with deaf members, relatives of the deaf.  Literature Review There are several types of translating sign language to readable text systems. These types appear with many features, but nearly with the same task. In the next sections, a discussion about translating sign language to a readable text system that exists and the scientific topic of some sign language applications is presented. In addition, we make a comparison between all of them. Objectives: We aim in our project to achieve several objectives: 1. Create a technology that helps deaf communicate with un-deaf people by translating sign language into readable text. Through the invention of the smart glove that senses the hand and fingers movement of the deaf person. 2. Eliminate the barrier between deaf people who use sign language and those who do not understand it, through the translation of the sign language, used by the deaf people, to Arabic language and display it on the screen. 3. Make this project the first step to create a robot that can be used to teach people sign language. We can make this technology part of the special robot by using an intelligent technological system. Methods: The system consists of two parts. The first part is the sensor system which consists of the flex sensors, accelerometer and pushbuttons. Because the output of the flex sensors and accelerometer is an analog value, we convert it into digital signals. The second part consists of smart phone and Bluetooth module. These two parts are connected to Arduino. The smart glove converts the Arabic sign language into letters in Arabic language. Therefore, we designed it as follows: nine of flex sensors will be put on the glove, nine sensors on finger joints and two pushbuttons, as shown in figure 2. This system is based on wearing the deaf the glove in his right hand and then makes an Arabic sign language signal. The system consists of a number of flex sensors and pushbuttons which give a certain value reading that reflects the states of whole hand and each finger, In addition we put accelerometer to distinction between similar lettering in the movement of the fingers but different in the direction of the hand. Then these readings are compared with the readings that are stored according to the 28 signals of the Arabic Sign Language. Based on this. The system will take the correct signal and send it as a readable text through Bluetooth to the mobile android application and displayed it on the screen. :stRuseR By the end of the implementation process, the smart glove was constructed. (Figure 3 a) shows the back side of the glove, on which the flex sensors are fixed. The pushbuttons and lithium battery are fixed on the inner part (Figure 3 b). Conclusions: In this project, we constructed a smart glove for supporting deaf people in communicating with normal people who don’t know Arabic sign language. The smart glove which is able to connect to Android mobile and make facilitates sending character. Whereas the android application is able to receive text message from smart glove and the smart glove the smart glove able to send Arabic character to the application. The smart glove is light and easy to use and no risk. At the end of the project we believe that the project is an effective and very useful for deaf people to communicate with other, and it is very useful for deaf and dump people if they are taught Arabic sign language where they can communicate with their families and people around them. Ultimately, with this project, we aim to develop it to support sending a full sentence instead of a single letter. Mainly the system should be extended to support languages more than Arabic, and the system can use several ways to communicate, if can use Wi-Fi connection, which enables a faster connection and better range from the base station or Global System for Mobile communication (GSM module) that is the most widespread and it’s a cellular technology used for transmitting mobile data services, the most obvious advantage of it is widespread use throughout the world.
تأثير استخدام مستخلص نبات الميرمية ( Salvia officinalis ) على تثبيط نمو البكتيريا (Escherichia coli )
(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) عايد سلامة, سارة; رشدي قنيبي, عبير; سمار, وسام; صغير, صبري
يهدف البحث إلى دراسة تراكيز مختلفة من كل من المستخلص المائي الحار ومستخلص الزيوت الكحولي لنبات الميرمية على تثبيط نمو E.coli تحت الظروف المخبرية. أظهرت النتائج أنه تم تثبيط نمو E. coli عند استخدام المستخلص المائي (النقيع) ، ولا يوجد نمو للبكتيريا في التراكيز 0.1، و0.2 لزيت الميرمية، أما على التركيز العالي 0.3 لزيت الميرمية فقد ظهر نمو للبكتيريا (76 كولوني في الطبق) مقارنة مع الشاهد الملوث وبدون معاملات (127 مستعمرة في الطبق). ويوصي البحث بضرورة إجراء أبحاث أكثر لتحديد أقل تركيز فعال سواء للمستخلص المائي أو الزيت ضد بكتيريا E.coli ، وإجراء دراسات لإطالة فترة حفظ الالبان باستخدام مستخلص الميرمية.
The Psychological Impact of the Covid-19 Lockdown on Dental Students: A Cross-sectional Study
(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Abu Kwaik, Aya; Saleh, Raghad; Danadneh, Mayar; Kateeb, Elham
Introduction: Dental students in their clinical training face a higher risk of contracting the disease, COVID-19, as well as experiencing adverse psychological outcomes. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 and the lockdown on the mental health of dental students during the current pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among dental students during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess levels of depression, anxiety, and stress using the standardized DASS-21 scale. In addition, demographic, socio-economic, academic performance, sources of information about COVID-19, and perception of on-line education difficulties were collected. Results: A total of 436 students completed the survey (55.18% response rate). In the current sample, 48% (n=209), 76% (n=33), 70% (n=305) showed different levels of stress, anxiety and depression. Dental students who stated that their family income was impacted by COVID-19 showed signs of depression, X2=7.3, p=.007, and anxiety, X2=6.1, p=.013. Dental students who faced difficulties in switching to e-learning reported different levels of depression, X2=14, p<.001; anxiety, X2=9, p=.003; and stress, X2=24, p<.001. Conclusions: In preparation for the next academic year, strategies to support the mental health of dental students in their clinical training and e-learning process should be in place.
دور التطبيق الذكي( Healthy Buddy) من تخفيف معاناة مرضى حمى البحر الأبيض المتوسط
(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) الجنيدي, همام أشرف شاكر; عمرو, تيسير
يهدف التطبيق الذكي (healthy buddy) إلى المساهمة في دعم مرضى حمّى البحر الأبيض المتوسط، ويساهم في زيادة الوعي نحو هذا المرض في المجتمع، ويساعد في حلّ مشكلات المرضى وتغيير حياتهم نحو الأفضل من خلال مراقبة نوبات الحمى وتدوينها في السجل الإلكتروني الخاص بالمريض، والذي يمكن متابعته من قبل مركز الدعم التطوعي من الأطباء من خلال الصفحة الخاصة بالمريض في التطبيق. تكونت عينة البحث من 10 أشخاص مصابين بحمى البحر الأبيض المتوسط من مدينة الخليل، واستخدم الباحث أدوات البحث الاستبانة، والمقابلات مع الأطباء والمرضى والاهل، وقد أظهرت نتائج البحث أن 92% من أفراد العينة يؤيدون فكرة التطبيق وأهميته في متابعة المرضى. وقد تم تجربة المشروع على ثلاثة متطوعين من مرضى FMF. يوصي البحث بتطوير المشروع في حال وجود خطر على حياة المريض أن يقوم بإرسال إشارات ورسائل تنبيه إلى الاهل ومراكز الدعم التطوعي من الأطباء والمتخصصين لعمل اللازم للمريض والتخفيف من معاناته.

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