المسكوكات المملوكية:في مجموعة متحف سلطة النقد الفلسطيني (648- 922هـ / 1250- 1517 م) دراسة تاريخية، ووصفية، وفنية، وتحليلية
Date
2023-12-16
Authors
محمد عماد إبراهيم منصور
Mohammed Imad Ibrahim Mansour
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على النظام النقدي المملوكي من خلال دراسة المجموعة الخاصة بمتحف سلطة النقد الفلسطيني (648- 922هـ / 1250- 1517 م). وفي سياق الدراسة تم التطرق إلى طبيعة الحياة السياسية والاقتصادية في فترة حكم المماليك وذلك بهدف ربط الدراسة بالسياق التاريخي في فلسطين، كما تم التطرق للأزمات والمشكلات السياسية والاقتصادية التي واجهت الدولة المملوكيـة في فترات الحكم المختلفة والتعاقب على الحكم من قبل سلاطين المماليك. وتعتبر فترة المماليك من أغنى الفترات الإسلامية في مصر والشام، حيث تمكنوا من التصدي للتتار وطردوا الصليبين من فلسطين ولبنان. وقد ازدهر فلسطين في تلك الفترة في فن العمارة، واعادة بناء الحصون، وتشيد العمائر، وإقامة المزارات، والمقامات على قبور الأنبياء. وسكان فلسطين في فترة المماليك كانوا أخلاطاً من العرب، والفرنجة، والتركمان، والأكراد، والأتراك، وكان لهم أثر كبير في الحياة الاجتماعية والسياسية والعسكرية والاقتصادية. وكانت الغالبية العظمى من السكان مسلمين.
وتضمنت الدراسة خمسة فصول، تناول الفصل الأول تاريخ سك العملات ومنهجية البحث وأهداف الدراسة ومبرراتها، وتناول الفصل الثاني نشأة المماليك البحرية ونشأة المماليك البرجية وتقديم عن فترة حكم السلاطين ودورهم في سك العملة، وتناول الفصل الثالث المسكوكات الإسلامية من الفترة الأموية حتى الفترة الأيوبية والفترة المملوكية بشكل خاص، وتناول الفصل الرابع مسكوكات مجموعة متحف سلطة النقد وعددها 77 قطعة، منها ثلاث دنانير ذهبية، و36 دراهم فضي، و38 فلس نحاسي، وتناول الفصل الخامس نماذج من الزخارف الموجودة على العملات المملوكية المدروسة. وكانت حالة النمو والإزدهار والقوة والمنعة والتراجع والتدهور الاقتصادي قد خضعت لأوضاع الدولة الاقتصادية والسياسية والاجتماعية، وانعكاس الوضع الاقتصادي وقوة العملة المسكوكة على التنظيم الإداري والعسكري، حيث عانَ النقد المملوكي من الفساد نتيجة لسوء سياسة الدولة التي تسير عليهـا فـي نظامها النقدي.
The study was undertaken with the principal objective of elucidating the Mamluk monetary system by means of a meticulous examination of the numismatic collection housed within the confines of the Palestinian Monetary Authority Museum, spanning the years 648 to 922 AH (1250-1517 CE). Within the analytical framework of this study, due consideration was accorded to the intricacies of the political and economic milieu during the Mamluk epoch. This nuanced approach was implemented with the express aim of contextualizing the investigation within the broader historical landscape of Palestine. The inquiry delved into the multifaceted dimensions of political and economic life during the Mamluk dominion, thereby establishing a nexus between the study and the historical narrative of Palestine. An in-depth exploration of the various crises and challenges of a political and economic nature confronted by the Mamluk state across diverse periods was a salient facet of the study, as was the examination of the successive reins of power assumed by Mamluk sultans. The Mamluk era emerges as a pivotal epoch in the Islamic historical narrative, particularly within the realms of Egypt and the Levant. The Mamluks achieved notable successes in resisting the Mongol incursions, expelling the Crusaders from the regions of Palestine and Lebanon. A concomitant consequence of their rule was the flourishing of Palestine, manifested in the domains of architectural advancements, fortification reconstruction, urban edification, the establishment of sacred shrines, and the construction of mausoleums atop the sepulchers of revered prophets. The demographic tapestry of Mamluk-era Palestine was characterized by a heterogeneous amalgamation of Arab, Frankish, Turkmen, Kurdish, and Turkish constituents, each exerting a discernible influence across the societal, political, military, and economic spheres. Notably, the preponderance of the populace adhered to the Islamic faith. The methodological scaffold of the study was delineated across five methodically constructed chapters. The inaugural chapter encapsulated an exhaustive historical overview of currency minting, explication of research methodology, enunciation of study objectives, and the articulation of methodological justifications. Subsequent chapters progressively expounded upon the emergence of both maritime and Bahri Mamluks, proffering a comprehensive survey of the sultanic era and its instrumental role in the coinage mechanism. The third chapter scrutinized Islamic coinage, encompassing the Umayyad through Ayyubid periods, with a specific focus on the Mamluk epoch. The penultimate chapter scrutinized the numismatic specimens encapsulated within the collection of the Palestinian Monetary Authority Museum, comprising 77 artifacts inclusive of three gold dinars, 36 silver dirhams, and 38 copper fals. The concluding chapter undertook a meticulous examination of decorative motifs embellishing the subject Mamluk coins. The trajectory of growth, prosperity, strength, setbacks, and economic vicissitudes underwent vicissitudes in consonance with the prevailing economic, political, and social dynamics. This confluence of factors bore witness to the reflection of economic conditions and the efficacy of the coined currency upon the administrative and military architecture of the Mamluk state. A noteworthy contention posited in the study pertains to the susceptibility of the Mamluk monetary system to corruption, an outcome attributable to the inadequacies inherent in the state's monetary policies.
The study was undertaken with the principal objective of elucidating the Mamluk monetary system by means of a meticulous examination of the numismatic collection housed within the confines of the Palestinian Monetary Authority Museum, spanning the years 648 to 922 AH (1250-1517 CE). Within the analytical framework of this study, due consideration was accorded to the intricacies of the political and economic milieu during the Mamluk epoch. This nuanced approach was implemented with the express aim of contextualizing the investigation within the broader historical landscape of Palestine. The inquiry delved into the multifaceted dimensions of political and economic life during the Mamluk dominion, thereby establishing a nexus between the study and the historical narrative of Palestine. An in-depth exploration of the various crises and challenges of a political and economic nature confronted by the Mamluk state across diverse periods was a salient facet of the study, as was the examination of the successive reins of power assumed by Mamluk sultans. The Mamluk era emerges as a pivotal epoch in the Islamic historical narrative, particularly within the realms of Egypt and the Levant. The Mamluks achieved notable successes in resisting the Mongol incursions, expelling the Crusaders from the regions of Palestine and Lebanon. A concomitant consequence of their rule was the flourishing of Palestine, manifested in the domains of architectural advancements, fortification reconstruction, urban edification, the establishment of sacred shrines, and the construction of mausoleums atop the sepulchers of revered prophets. The demographic tapestry of Mamluk-era Palestine was characterized by a heterogeneous amalgamation of Arab, Frankish, Turkmen, Kurdish, and Turkish constituents, each exerting a discernible influence across the societal, political, military, and economic spheres. Notably, the preponderance of the populace adhered to the Islamic faith. The methodological scaffold of the study was delineated across five methodically constructed chapters. The inaugural chapter encapsulated an exhaustive historical overview of currency minting, explication of research methodology, enunciation of study objectives, and the articulation of methodological justifications. Subsequent chapters progressively expounded upon the emergence of both maritime and Bahri Mamluks, proffering a comprehensive survey of the sultanic era and its instrumental role in the coinage mechanism. The third chapter scrutinized Islamic coinage, encompassing the Umayyad through Ayyubid periods, with a specific focus on the Mamluk epoch. The penultimate chapter scrutinized the numismatic specimens encapsulated within the collection of the Palestinian Monetary Authority Museum, comprising 77 artifacts inclusive of three gold dinars, 36 silver dirhams, and 38 copper fals. The concluding chapter undertook a meticulous examination of decorative motifs embellishing the subject Mamluk coins. The trajectory of growth, prosperity, strength, setbacks, and economic vicissitudes underwent vicissitudes in consonance with the prevailing economic, political, and social dynamics. This confluence of factors bore witness to the reflection of economic conditions and the efficacy of the coined currency upon the administrative and military architecture of the Mamluk state. A noteworthy contention posited in the study pertains to the susceptibility of the Mamluk monetary system to corruption, an outcome attributable to the inadequacies inherent in the state's monetary policies.