المسؤوليّة الجنائيّة لحركات التحرّر الفلسطينيّة أمام المحكمة الجنائيّة الدّوليّة
Date
2025-02-11
Authors
محمد زكي رجا ابو عره
Mohammad Zaki Raja Abu Arra
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
كان جليّاً للقيادة الفلسطينيّة من اللحظة الأولى أنّ الانضمام إلى نظام روما الأساسيّ، قد يكون سيفًا ذا حدين بما يمنحه للمحكمة من صلاحيّة النّظر في تهمٍ متوقّعة لارتكاب جرائم حرب من قبل حركات المقاومة الفلسطينيّة المسلّحة، وهو الأمر الذي دفع القيادةَ الفلسطينيّة لأخذ موافقاتٍ خطيّة من الفصائل الفلسطينيّة بدعم قرار الانضمام، وقد قبلت المحكمة طلبَ فلسطين الثّاني بالانضمام إلى نظام روما الأساسيّ بتاريخ 1/4/2015، استنادًا لأحكام المادّة (12) من نظام روما، وفي اليوم التّالي أودعت فلسطين صكَّ انضمامها للمحكمة للأمين العام للأمم المتّحدة، وقبول الولاية القضائيّة للمحكمة للنّظر في الجرائم المرتكبة على الأراضي الفلسطينيّة اعتبارًا من تاريخ 13/6/2014، ومع قرار المدّعي العامّ للمحكمة في بتاريخ 20/12/2019، بأنّ جميع المعايير القانونيّة التي يقتضيها نظام روما الأساسيّ لفتح تحقيق قد استوفيت، وأنّ جرائم حرب ارتُكبت أو تُرتكب في الضّفة الغربيّة بما فيها القدس الشّرقيّة، وقطاع غزّة، وأنّ الدّعاوى التي قد تنشأ عن الحالة ستكون مقبولة، فإنّ مكتبَ المدّعي العامّ خلص بصفةٍ خاصّة إلى جانب المسؤوليّة الجنائيّة لأفراد جيش الاحتلال الإسرائيليّ بارتكاب جرائم حرب، إلّا أنّ هناك أساسًا معقولًا للاعتقاد أيضًا بأنّ أعضاء من حماس والجماعات الفلسطينيّة المسلّحة قد ارتكبوا جرائم حرب، إنّ هذه الجرائم ستكونُ مقبولة عملًا بالمادّة (17/1/أ، د) من النّظام الأساسيّ.
هذا الأساس تعزّز بشكلٍ كبير بعد عمليّة طوفان الأقصى في 7 أكتوبر 2023، وحرب الإبادة الجماعية التي شنّها الاحتلال الإسرائيلي على قطاع غزّة، حيثُ باشر المدّعي العام للمحكمة الجنائيّة الدّولية في تشرين الثّاني 2023 بفتح تحقيقاتٍ بارتكاب جرائم دولية في الحالة الفلسطينيّة، نتج عنها إصدارُ مذكّرات اعتقال بحقّ قياداتٍ في حركة حماس والتّلويح بتوسيع التّحقيق ليطالَ قياداتٍ لفصائل فلسطينيّة مسلّحة شاركت في عمليّة طوفان الأقصى كحركة الجهاد الإسلامي وكتائب شهداء الأقصى التابعة لحركة فتح وغيرهما من الفصائل المسلّحة.
الأمر الذي يثير إشكاليّةً رئيسيّة تناولتها هذه الأطروحة وهي (مدى تحقّق المسؤوليّة الجنائيّة الدّولية الفرديّة لعناصر حركات المقاومة المسلّحة بصفتها حركة تحرّر وطنيّ مشروعة في القانون والشّرعيّة الدّولية)، وقد استندت الدّراسة في الإجابة عن هذه الإشكاليّة والأسئلة المتفرّعة عنها على المنهج الوصفيّ التّحليليّ للنّصوص القانونيّة لنظام روما الأساسيّ وقواعد القانون الدّولي العام والجنائيّ والإنسانيّ والمنهج الوصفيّ التاريخيّ في جمع بعض البيانات الخاصّة بالقضيّة الفلسطينيّة وجرائم الاحتلال الإسرائيليّ، إلى جانب المنهج الاستقصائي للحالة العمليّة المستمرة للتّحقيقات التي باشرها مدّعي عام المحكمة خلال كتابة هذه الأطروحة، الأمر الذي عزّز حداثة موضوع الأطروحة وأهميّته بالارتباط بالحالة الفلسطينيّة بعد حرب الإبادة الجماعيّة والمكانيّة التي شنّها الاحتلال على قطاع غزّة بعد السّابع من أكتوبر 2023 كحلقة استمرار لجرائمه المستمرّة منذُ احتلاله للأراضي الفلسطينيّة.
وفي جملة أهداف وأهميّة هذه الدّراسة فقد قدّمت توصيات عمليّة عامّة بالقضية الوطنيّة وتوصيات خاّصة لقادة فصائل المقاومة وعناصرها لتجنب ومواجهة المساءلة الجنائيّة الدّولية عن أفعالهم في إطار عملهم المقاوم، من خلال بيان الأعمال التحرّرية المشروعة في القانون الدّولي، وتلك التي قد تشكّل جريمة حرب وفقًا لنظام المحكمة الجنائيّة الدّولية، وهو ما يستدعي أيضًا تثقيف أفراد الفصائل الفلسطينيّة بحقوق الإنسان والمبادئ العاملة للقانون الدّولي الإنساني، كما قدّمت الدّراسة توصياتٍ عمليّة للمشرّع الفلسطيني في سَنِّ بعض التّشريعات التي تجرّم ارتكاب جرائم حرب من قبل عناصر المقاومة بما يمكّن القضاء الوطني من ممارسة صلاحياتِه كخطوة استباقيّة لحماية عناصر المقاومة الفلسطينيّة من الملاحقة الجنائيّة الدّولية من قبل المحكمة الجنائيّة الدّولية.
بالإضافة إلى تسليط الضّوء على إشكاليّات الاستدلال والتّحقيق التي طالت منهجيّة التّوثيق والتّحقيق وجمع الأدلّة وربط القرائن في تحقيقاتِ المؤسّسات وتحقيقات المحكمة الجنائيّة الدّولية في أحداث 7 أكتوبر 2023، التي وصلت إلى الاتّهام واستصدار مذكرات القبض والحضور للمتهمين من قادة حركة حماس إلى جانب متّهمين متوقّعين أيضًا من الفصائل المسلّحة في غزّة ممّن شاركوا في عملية 7 أكتوبر والمدنيّين الذين التحقوا للمشاركة بالعمليّة، بما يسهم في تعزيز مذكّرات الدّفاع عنهم.
وإلى جانب مناقشة نصوص نظام روما وقواعد القانون الإنساني الدّولي فقد خلصت الدّراسة إلى أهميّة مراجعة هذه النّصوص بما يراعي حق حركات التّحرر الوطني في الدّفاع المشروع عن أراضيها ونضالها في نيل حق تقرير المصير والتّحرر من نير الاحتلال سيّما أنّه جرى توصيف الاحتلال الإسرائيلي للأراضي الفلسطينيّة بأنّه احتلالٌ غيرُ قانوني وغير مشروع تجاوز مبدأي التّناسب والتّمييز والحالة المؤقّتة للاحتلال وانتقاله إلى الاستيطان والعنصريّة، وأنّه احتلال كولونيالي إحلالي، وذلك من طرف المؤسّسات القانونيّة والحقوقيّة والقضائيّة الدّولية ذات الاختصاص والعلاقة.
وأكّدت الدّراسة أنّ إدانة العمليّات التي تقوم بها حركات المقاومة الفلسطينيّة بجرائم دولية، يقوّض مبادئ العدالة الدّولية والأخلاقيّة، وينتهك المركز القانوني للمقاتلين، الذين يكافحون ضدّ السّيطرة الاستعماريّة والأجنبيّة أثناء النّزاعات المسلّحة، ويغذّي سياسات الضّم والفصل العنصري ومصادرة الأراضي والنّقل القصري للفلسطينيين، وسياسات العقاب الجماعي، وسوء المعاملة وتعذيب المعتقلين، وانتهاكات حقوق الإنسان، ويغلقُ الباب أمام سبل انتصاف فعّال للأفعال التي تتعلّق بالقانون الإنساني الدّولي، ويمثّل تشجيعًا لسياسات توطين المستوطنين وتهجير السّكان المدنيّين في الأراضي الفلسطينيّة، وهو ما يخالف القواعد الأساسيّة للقانون الدّولي.
It was clear to the Palestinian leadership from the very first moment that joining the Rome Statute could be a double-edged sword, as it grants the court the authority to consider expected charges of war crimes committed by armed Palestinian Resistance Movements. This compelled the Palestinian leadership to obtain written endorsements from the Palestinian factions supporting the decision to join. On April 1, 2015, the Court granted Palestine's second request to accede to the Rome Statute, in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 of the Rome Statute. The following day, Palestine deposited its instrument of accession to the court with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, accepting the court's jurisdiction to consider crimes committed on Palestinian territory as of 13/6/2014. By the decision of the Public Prosecutor of the Court on 20/12/2019, that all legal criteria required by the Rome Statute to open an investigation have been met, the war crimes have been or are being committed in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip, and that any claims arising from the situation will be admissible. The Office of the Prosecutor specifically concluded that there is individual criminal responsibility for members of the Israeli occupation forces for committing war crimes. However, there is also a reasonable basis to believe that members of Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups have committed war crimes. These crimes would be admissible under Article 1/17/a/d of the Rome Statute. This basis was significantly reinforced after the Al-Aqsa Flood Operation on October 7, 2023, and the genocide perpetrated by the Israeli occupation against the Gaza Strip. In November 2023, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court initiated investigations into the commission of international crimes in the Palestinian case, leading to the issuance of arrest warrants against leaders of Hamas. Additionally, there were indications of expanding the investigation to include leaders of Palestinian armed factions that participated in the Al-Aqsa Flood operation, such as the Islamic Jihad Movement, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades affiliated with Fatah, and other armed factions. This thesis addresses the main issue of “The extent to which individual criminal responsibility applies to members of armed resistance movements, considered legitimate national liberation movements under international law and legitimacy.” The study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach to the legal texts of the Rome Statute, the rules of international public, criminal, and humanitarian law, as well as a descriptive-historical approach to gather specific data related to the Palestinian issue and Israeli occupation crimes. In addition, it employed an investigative approach to the ongoing practical case of the investigations initiated by the Prosecutor of the Court during the writing of this thesis. This further reinforced the novelty and importance of the thesis topic, particularly in connection with the Palestinian situation following the genocidal and territorial assault launched by the occupation on the Gaza Strip after October 7, 2023, as a continuation of its ongoing crimes since its occupation of Palestinian territories. Among the objectives and significance of this study, it provides general practical recommendations regarding the national cause and specific recommendations for the leaders and members of resistance factions to avoid and confront international criminal accountability for their actions within the framework of their resistance activities, by clarifying the legitimate liberation actions in international law and those that may constitute war crimes according to the International Criminal Court’s Statute. This also requires educating members of Palestinian factions about human rights and the principles of international humanitarian law. The study also provided practical recommendations for the Palestinian legislator to enact certain laws criminalizing the commission of war crimes by members of the resistance, which would enable the national judiciary to exercise its authority as a proactive step to protect Palestinian resistance members from international criminal prosecution by the International Criminal Court. In addition, shedding light on the problems of evidence and investigation that affected the methodology of documentation, investigation, collecting evidence, and linking clues in the investigations of institutions and the investigations of the International Criminal Court into the events of October 7, 2023. These investigations have led to charges and the issuance of arrest and summons warrants for the accused leaders of Hamas, as well as other expected suspects from the armed factions in Gaza who participated in the October 7 operation, along with civilians who joined in the operation, which contributes to strengthening the defense memoranda on their behalf. In addition to discussing the provisions of the Rome Statute and the rules of International Humanitarian Law, the study concluded that it is crucial to review these provisions in a manner that upholds the right of national liberation movements to engage in legitimate defense of their territories and their struggle for the right to self-determination and freedom from occupation. This is particularly significant given that the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories has been characterized as unlawful and illegitimate, violating the principles of proportionality, distinction, and the temporary nature of occupation, and evolving into settlement and apartheid, with the occupation being described as a colonial settler occupation by international legal, human rights, and judicial bodies with relevant competence and jurisdiction. The study confirmed that condemning the actions carried out by Palestinian resistance movements as international crimes undermines the principles of international and moral justice, and violates the legal status of combatants who are fighting against colonial and foreign control during armed conflicts. It further fuels policies of annexation, apartheid, land confiscation, and the forcible transfer of Palestinians, as well as collective punishment, ill-treatment, torture of detainees, and human rights violations. This also closes the door to effective remedies for acts falling within the scope of international humanitarian law. Additionally, it encourages policies of settlement expansion and the displacement of civilian populations in Palestinian territories, which contravene the fundamental rules of international law.
It was clear to the Palestinian leadership from the very first moment that joining the Rome Statute could be a double-edged sword, as it grants the court the authority to consider expected charges of war crimes committed by armed Palestinian Resistance Movements. This compelled the Palestinian leadership to obtain written endorsements from the Palestinian factions supporting the decision to join. On April 1, 2015, the Court granted Palestine's second request to accede to the Rome Statute, in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 of the Rome Statute. The following day, Palestine deposited its instrument of accession to the court with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, accepting the court's jurisdiction to consider crimes committed on Palestinian territory as of 13/6/2014. By the decision of the Public Prosecutor of the Court on 20/12/2019, that all legal criteria required by the Rome Statute to open an investigation have been met, the war crimes have been or are being committed in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip, and that any claims arising from the situation will be admissible. The Office of the Prosecutor specifically concluded that there is individual criminal responsibility for members of the Israeli occupation forces for committing war crimes. However, there is also a reasonable basis to believe that members of Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups have committed war crimes. These crimes would be admissible under Article 1/17/a/d of the Rome Statute. This basis was significantly reinforced after the Al-Aqsa Flood Operation on October 7, 2023, and the genocide perpetrated by the Israeli occupation against the Gaza Strip. In November 2023, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court initiated investigations into the commission of international crimes in the Palestinian case, leading to the issuance of arrest warrants against leaders of Hamas. Additionally, there were indications of expanding the investigation to include leaders of Palestinian armed factions that participated in the Al-Aqsa Flood operation, such as the Islamic Jihad Movement, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades affiliated with Fatah, and other armed factions. This thesis addresses the main issue of “The extent to which individual criminal responsibility applies to members of armed resistance movements, considered legitimate national liberation movements under international law and legitimacy.” The study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach to the legal texts of the Rome Statute, the rules of international public, criminal, and humanitarian law, as well as a descriptive-historical approach to gather specific data related to the Palestinian issue and Israeli occupation crimes. In addition, it employed an investigative approach to the ongoing practical case of the investigations initiated by the Prosecutor of the Court during the writing of this thesis. This further reinforced the novelty and importance of the thesis topic, particularly in connection with the Palestinian situation following the genocidal and territorial assault launched by the occupation on the Gaza Strip after October 7, 2023, as a continuation of its ongoing crimes since its occupation of Palestinian territories. Among the objectives and significance of this study, it provides general practical recommendations regarding the national cause and specific recommendations for the leaders and members of resistance factions to avoid and confront international criminal accountability for their actions within the framework of their resistance activities, by clarifying the legitimate liberation actions in international law and those that may constitute war crimes according to the International Criminal Court’s Statute. This also requires educating members of Palestinian factions about human rights and the principles of international humanitarian law. The study also provided practical recommendations for the Palestinian legislator to enact certain laws criminalizing the commission of war crimes by members of the resistance, which would enable the national judiciary to exercise its authority as a proactive step to protect Palestinian resistance members from international criminal prosecution by the International Criminal Court. In addition, shedding light on the problems of evidence and investigation that affected the methodology of documentation, investigation, collecting evidence, and linking clues in the investigations of institutions and the investigations of the International Criminal Court into the events of October 7, 2023. These investigations have led to charges and the issuance of arrest and summons warrants for the accused leaders of Hamas, as well as other expected suspects from the armed factions in Gaza who participated in the October 7 operation, along with civilians who joined in the operation, which contributes to strengthening the defense memoranda on their behalf. In addition to discussing the provisions of the Rome Statute and the rules of International Humanitarian Law, the study concluded that it is crucial to review these provisions in a manner that upholds the right of national liberation movements to engage in legitimate defense of their territories and their struggle for the right to self-determination and freedom from occupation. This is particularly significant given that the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories has been characterized as unlawful and illegitimate, violating the principles of proportionality, distinction, and the temporary nature of occupation, and evolving into settlement and apartheid, with the occupation being described as a colonial settler occupation by international legal, human rights, and judicial bodies with relevant competence and jurisdiction. The study confirmed that condemning the actions carried out by Palestinian resistance movements as international crimes undermines the principles of international and moral justice, and violates the legal status of combatants who are fighting against colonial and foreign control during armed conflicts. It further fuels policies of annexation, apartheid, land confiscation, and the forcible transfer of Palestinians, as well as collective punishment, ill-treatment, torture of detainees, and human rights violations. This also closes the door to effective remedies for acts falling within the scope of international humanitarian law. Additionally, it encourages policies of settlement expansion and the displacement of civilian populations in Palestinian territories, which contravene the fundamental rules of international law.
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ابو عره، محمد زكي. (2025). المسؤوليّة الجنائيّة لحركات التحرّر الفلسطينيّة أمام المحكمة الجنائيّة الدّوليّة [أطروحة دكتوراة منشورة، جامعة القدس، فلسطين]. المستودع الرقمي لجامعة القدس.