رضاء المجني عليه وأثره على المسؤولية الجنائية "دراسة مقارنة"
Date
2023-10-30
Authors
ميار جمال سالم فرشات
Mayar Jamal Farshat
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
جامعة القدس
Abstract
يُبين القانون الجنائي الأفعال الآثمة التي يتوجب على الأفراد في المجتمع تجنُّبها، كما يُحدد القانون الجنائي المُقرر لكل جريمة والإجراءات واجبة الاتباع في الملاحقة الجزائية وسبل تنفيذ العقوبات بحق مٌقترفي الجرائم. والأصل العام أن لا يكون للفرد، ولاسيّما المجني عليه (الضحية) أن يتدخل في تقدير العقوبة أو إجراءات الملاحقة القضائية بحق المتهم باقترافها.
غير أنَّ القانون الجنائي بشقيه الموضوعي والشكلي يتضمن أحكاماً خاصة تمنح من موافقة المجني عليه بأن تقع الجريمة بحقه أو موافقته على انقضاء الدعوى الجزائية أثرٌ قانوني، مثل التصالح. لذك نسعى من هذه الدراسة إلى تأصيل الأثر القانوني لرضاء المجني عليه على المسؤولية الجزائية. وتأسيساً على ذلك، تتمثل الإشكالية الرئيسية في الدراسة بالآتي: ما الدور الذي يلعبه رضاء المجني عليه على التجريم والعقاب والملاحقة الجزائية في التشريع الجزائي الفلسطيني؟
وتنبع الأهمية النظرية للدراسة من تفرُّدها بتسليط الضوء على مسألة قانونية لم تُعطى المساحة الكافية للبحث والتمحيص. ويُمكن لرجال القانون العاملين في السلطة القضائية والضبط القضائي والمدافعين عن حقوق الأفراد ومصالحهم والعاملين في المؤسسات الأكاديمية الاستفادة من هذه الدراسة القانونية. فبينما خُصص الفصل الأول منها للبحث في أثر رضاء المجني عليه على الأحكام الموضوعية للقانون الجنائي، وتفرّد الفصل الثاني للبحث في أثر رضاء المجني عليه على إجراءات التقاضي الجزائي الهادف إلى إثبات أو نفي المسؤولية الجزائية بوجهٍ عام.
وفي سبيل تحقيق الأهداف المرجوة منها، استخدمت هذه الدراسة مناهجاً علمية عدة، كالمنهج الوصفي، والمنهج التحليلي (بشقيه الاستقرائي والاستنباطي)، كما كان للمنهج المُقارن استخدامٌ في الدراسة كلّما دعت الحاجة إلى الاطلاع على التشريعات القانونية المُقارنة للاستفادة منها، ولاسيّما التشريع الأردني والمصري.
وخلُصت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج لعلّ أهمها أن رضاء المجني عليه له أثر على المصلحة المحمية جنائياً في كثير من الأحيان، فيُزيل العلة من التجريم حال انتفاء المصلحة المُستهدفة من قبل المشرع. كما أن لرضاء المجني عليه أثرٌ في تغيير التوصيف القانوني للفعل الآثم. أما من الناحية الإجرائية، فإن رضاء الضحية على التنازل أو التصالح مع المتهم في جرائم مُحددة قانوناً من شأنه أن يسقط الملاحقة الجزائية، ويمنع تنفيذ أو استمرار تنفيذ العقوبة في حالات مًحددة بحكم القانون. غير أن تأثير رضاء المجني عليه ليس مطلقاً، فقد لا يكون له أي أثر على إجراءات الدعوى الجزائية أو المصلحة التي يحاول المشرع إحاطتها بحماية جنائية، ولاسيما تلك المصالح ذات الطابع الاجتماعي أو المرتبطة بالحفاظ على النظام العام في المُجتمع.
وخرجت الرسالة بمجموعة من التوصيات، التي تفيد في هذا المجال، فلا بد من تنظيم رضاء المجني عليه في نصوص قانونية، وأن يكون لهذا الرضاء دور في بعض الجرائم التي تتعلق بالمصلحة الفردية للشخص، وبذات الوقت لا بد من تعديل القوانين الجنائية الفلسطينية خاصة القواعد الناظمة لصفح المجني عليه، وأن يكون لهذا الصفح أثر على تنفيذ العقوبة في بعض الجرائم، وخاصة المعلقة على شكوى المجني عليه، وأنه من المفضل أن يأخذ التشريع الجنائي الفلسطيني بأحكام الشريعة الإسلامية فيما يتعلق بجريمة الزنا؛ لمنع الرذيلة والفاحشة.
The criminal law identifies the wrongful acts that individuals in society must avoid, and it specifies the prescribed penalties for each crime, as well as the necessary procedures to be followed in criminal prosecution and the means of implementing punishments against offenders. The general principle is that individuals, especially the victims, should not interfere in determining the punishment or the judicial proceedings against the accused. However, both substantive and procedural criminal law contain special provisions that grant legal effects to the consent of the victim regarding the commission of the crime against them or their agreement to terminate the criminal case, such as reconciliation. Therefore, this study aims to establish the legal impact of the victim's satisfaction on criminal responsibility. Based on this, the main problem of the study can be summarized as follows: -What role does the victim's satisfaction play in criminalization, punishment, and criminal prosecution in Palestinian criminal legislation? The theoretical significance of the study lies in its unique focus on a legal issue that has not received sufficient attention for comprehensive research. Legal professionals working in the judiciary, law enforcement, defenders of individuals' rights and interests, as well as those in academic institutions, can benefit from this legal study. The first chapter of the study focuses on the impact of the victim's satisfaction on the objective provisions of criminal law, while the second chapter examines the effect of the victim's satisfaction on the criminal litigation procedures aimed at establishing or refuting criminal liability in general. To achieve the desired objectives, the study utilizes various scientific methods, such as descriptive and analytical methods (both inductive and deductive). Comparative methodology was also used whenever necessary to explore comparative legal provisions for reference, particularly the Jordanian and Egyptian legislations. The study concluded with several results, the most important of which is that the victim's satisfaction often affects the criminally protected interest, leading to the non-prosecution of the act when the targeted interest ceases to exist according to the legislator. The victim's satisfaction also affects the legal description of the wrongful act. Procedurally, the victim's consent to waive or reconcile with the accused in specific legally defined crimes leads to the dismissal of criminal prosecution and prevents the execution or continuation of punishment in cases specified by law. However, the impact of the victim's satisfaction is not absolute, as it may have no effect on criminal proceedings or on interests that the legislator intends to protect through criminal measures, especially those related to social interests or the maintenance of public order in society. The study provides a set of recommendations that can be beneficial in this field. It is necessary to regulate the victim's satisfaction in legal texts, and this satisfaction should have a role in certain crimes that concern the individual's personal interest. At the same time, the Palestinian criminal laws, especially the rules governing the victim's forgiveness, should be amended, and this forgiveness should have an impact on the implementation of punishment in certain crimes, particularly those dependent on the victim's complaint. It is also preferable for Palestinian criminal legislation to incorporate provisions from Islamic law regarding the crime of adultery to prevent immorality and indecency.
The criminal law identifies the wrongful acts that individuals in society must avoid, and it specifies the prescribed penalties for each crime, as well as the necessary procedures to be followed in criminal prosecution and the means of implementing punishments against offenders. The general principle is that individuals, especially the victims, should not interfere in determining the punishment or the judicial proceedings against the accused. However, both substantive and procedural criminal law contain special provisions that grant legal effects to the consent of the victim regarding the commission of the crime against them or their agreement to terminate the criminal case, such as reconciliation. Therefore, this study aims to establish the legal impact of the victim's satisfaction on criminal responsibility. Based on this, the main problem of the study can be summarized as follows: -What role does the victim's satisfaction play in criminalization, punishment, and criminal prosecution in Palestinian criminal legislation? The theoretical significance of the study lies in its unique focus on a legal issue that has not received sufficient attention for comprehensive research. Legal professionals working in the judiciary, law enforcement, defenders of individuals' rights and interests, as well as those in academic institutions, can benefit from this legal study. The first chapter of the study focuses on the impact of the victim's satisfaction on the objective provisions of criminal law, while the second chapter examines the effect of the victim's satisfaction on the criminal litigation procedures aimed at establishing or refuting criminal liability in general. To achieve the desired objectives, the study utilizes various scientific methods, such as descriptive and analytical methods (both inductive and deductive). Comparative methodology was also used whenever necessary to explore comparative legal provisions for reference, particularly the Jordanian and Egyptian legislations. The study concluded with several results, the most important of which is that the victim's satisfaction often affects the criminally protected interest, leading to the non-prosecution of the act when the targeted interest ceases to exist according to the legislator. The victim's satisfaction also affects the legal description of the wrongful act. Procedurally, the victim's consent to waive or reconcile with the accused in specific legally defined crimes leads to the dismissal of criminal prosecution and prevents the execution or continuation of punishment in cases specified by law. However, the impact of the victim's satisfaction is not absolute, as it may have no effect on criminal proceedings or on interests that the legislator intends to protect through criminal measures, especially those related to social interests or the maintenance of public order in society. The study provides a set of recommendations that can be beneficial in this field. It is necessary to regulate the victim's satisfaction in legal texts, and this satisfaction should have a role in certain crimes that concern the individual's personal interest. At the same time, the Palestinian criminal laws, especially the rules governing the victim's forgiveness, should be amended, and this forgiveness should have an impact on the implementation of punishment in certain crimes, particularly those dependent on the victim's complaint. It is also preferable for Palestinian criminal legislation to incorporate provisions from Islamic law regarding the crime of adultery to prevent immorality and indecency.