الآثار المترتبة على عدم تنفيذ الالتزام العقدي في مجلة الأحكام العدلية والقوانين المقارنة
Date
2024-01-24
Authors
أنس مرشد رشدي ابو سنينة
Anas Mershed Abu Sneineh
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على حالات عدم تنفيذ الالتزام، والآثار المترتبة عليها، وأسباب وصور استحالة تنفيذ الالتزام وشروط تحقيقها، وأثر القوة القاهرة والظروف الطارئة على تنفيذ الالتزامات، والآثار المترتبة على عدم تنفيذ الالتزام بسبب استحالة التنفيذ، وكذلك أثر مبدأ العقد شريعة المتعاقدين على عدم تنفيذ الالتزامات في العقود، وختاماً بوسائل مواجهة آثار عدم تنفيذ العقد.
ولتحقيق هذا الهدف فقد تم الاعتماد على المنهج التحليلي الوصفي المقارن الذي يعتمد على جمع المعلومات من الدراسات والكتب ذات العلاقة بحق الضمان العام للدائن، والبحث التحليلي الذي يعتمد على مناقشة الموضوع بأسلوب علمي. كما ويستخدم الباحث المنهج المقارن القائم على مقارنة الآثار المترتبة على عدم تنفيذ الالتزام بين مجلة الأحكام العدلية العثمانية وغيرها من القوانين المقارنة كالقانون الأردني والمصري.
وفي ختام هذه الدراسة، فقد تم التوصل إلى مجموعة من النتائج، أهمها: إن مجلة الأحكام العدلية العثمانية باعتبارها القانون المدني النافذ في فلسطين، لم تتناول حالة الطوارئ أو حتى القوة القاهرة بين طيات نصوصها. بما معناه أن هناك فراغ تشريعي في فلسطين فيما يخص الآثار القانونية المترتبة على عدم تنفيذ العقود بسبب القوة القاهرة. كذلك من خلال قراءة النصوص القانونية الواردة في قرار بقانون رقم (15) لسنة 2017م بشأن المعاملات الإلكترونية الفلسطيني، نجد بأنه يخلو من أي نص قانوني يتحدث عن الآثار المترتبة على عدم تنفيذ الالتزامات في العقود الإلكترونية. أيضاً فإن مجلة الأحكام العدلية العثمانية لم تنظم الظرف الطارئ بالطريقة التي وردت في القوانين المدنية التي استعرضناها سابقاً، وإنما يستخلص من القواعد الكلية التي جاءت بها، ومن بعض أحكام عقد الإيجار، باعتباره عقدا زمنيا متراخي التنفيذ. كذلك فإن استحالة تنفيذ الالتزام ترجع الى كل سبب أجنبي لا علاقة للمدين به نشأ في وقت لاحق لانعقاد العقد، فمتى توافرت تلك الشروط وأصبح تنفيذ الالتزام مستحيلًا برأت ذمة المدين من الالتزام، وهذا ما يسمى بانفساخ العقد بقوة القانون، وهو ما ورد في المادة 247 من القانون المدني الأردني، والمواد (373، 215، 159) من القانون المدني المصري، وكذلك المادة 172 من مشروع القانون المدني الفلسطيني.
وبناءً على النتائج السابقة، فقد أوصت الدراسة بمجموعة من التوصيات، أهمها: النص على مبدأ عام بقيام مسؤولية المدين العقدية ليس فقط عن خطئه الشخصي وعن أخطاء تابعيه ومستخدميه بل عن أخطاء الغير الذين أوكل إليهم تنفيذ عقده، ونقترح بهذا الخصوص النص التالي: أ-للمدين أن يكل تنفيذ التزامه كله أو بعضه إلى آخر، إذا لم يمنعه شرط في العقد أو لم تكن طبيعة العمل تقتضي أن يقوم به بنفسه. ب-وتبقى مسؤولية المدين قائمة قبل الدائن. وكذلك النص في مشروع القانون المدني الفلسطيني بإضافة مادة تتضمن ما تناوله الفقه الإسلامي فيما يختص بالمسائل والمواضيع المتعلقة بتحمل تبعية الهلاك، فهذه القاعدة بسيطة ومعقدة تحكم جميع آثار الهلاك، فلا بد من أن تضمن في التشريعات القانونية الفلسطينية بصورة أوسع وأوضح بالرغم من وجودها. وكذلك التوسع في فكرة أثر الوصف والقوة القاهرة على التزامات العقد في القانون الفلسطيني، بحيث يتم تحديد حالاتها، للمساهمة في اتخاذ الأحكام الصادرة عن السلطة التقديرية للقاضي.
The study aimed to identify cases of failure to implement an obligation, its effects, the causes and forms of the impossibility of implementing an obligation and the conditions for achieving it, the effect of force majeure and emergency circumstances on the implementation of obligations, and the effects resulting from non-implementation of an obligation due to the impossibility of implementation, as well as the effect of the principle of contract under the Sharia of Contracting Parties on non-implementation. Obligations in contracts, and finally, means of dealing with the effects of non-implementation of the contract. To achieve this goal, reliance has been placed on the comparative descriptive analytical approach, which relies on collecting information from studies and books related to the creditor’s general security right, and analytical research, which relies on discussing the subject in a scientific manner. The researcher also uses the comparative approach based on comparing the effects of not implementing the obligation between the Ottoman Code of Judicial Provisions and other comparative laws such as Jordanian and Egyptian law. At the conclusion of this study, a set of results were reached, the most important of which is: The Ottoman Code of Judicial Provisions, as the civil law in force in Palestine, did not address the state of emergency or even force majeure among its texts. This means that there is a legislative vacuum in Palestine regarding the legal effects resulting from non-implementation of contracts due to force majeure. Also, by reading the legal texts contained in Decree Law No. (15) of 2017 regarding Palestinian electronic transactions, we find that it is devoid of any legal text that speaks about the effects of not implementing obligations in electronic contracts. Also, the Ottoman Code of Judicial Provisions did not regulate the emergency circumstance in the manner stated in the civil laws that we reviewed previously, but rather it is deduced from the general rules it contained, and from some of the provisions of the lease contract, that it is a temporary contract with lax implementation. Likewise, the impossibility of implementing the obligation is due to every foreign cause that has nothing to do with the debtor that arose at a later time after concluding the contract. When those conditions are met and the implementation of the obligation becomes impossible, the debtor is absolved from the obligation. This is called rescission of the contract by force of law, and this is what is stated in Article 247 of the Code. The Jordanian Civil Code, Articles (373, 215, 159) of the Egyptian Civil Code, as well as Article 172 of the draft Palestinian Civil Code. Based on the previous results, the study recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which is: stipulating a general principle that the debtor’s contractual liability is established not only for his personal error and for the errors of his subordinates and employees, but also for the errors of third parties who were entrusted with implementing his contract, and in this regard we propose the following text: A - for the debtor To entrust the implementation of his obligation, in whole or in part, to another, if a condition in the contract does not prevent him or the nature of the work does not require that he carry out it himself. B-The debtor’s responsibility remains with the creditor. Likewise, the text in the Palestinian Civil Code draft adds an article that includes what Islamic jurisprudence has dealt with regarding issues and topics related to bearing the consequences of loss. This rule is simple and complex that governs all the effects of loss, so it must be included in the Palestinian legal legislation in a broader and clearer way despite its existence. As well as expanding the idea of the impact of description and force majeure on contract obligations in Palestinian law, so that their cases are determined, to contribute to making rulings issued by the discretionary authority of the judge.
The study aimed to identify cases of failure to implement an obligation, its effects, the causes and forms of the impossibility of implementing an obligation and the conditions for achieving it, the effect of force majeure and emergency circumstances on the implementation of obligations, and the effects resulting from non-implementation of an obligation due to the impossibility of implementation, as well as the effect of the principle of contract under the Sharia of Contracting Parties on non-implementation. Obligations in contracts, and finally, means of dealing with the effects of non-implementation of the contract. To achieve this goal, reliance has been placed on the comparative descriptive analytical approach, which relies on collecting information from studies and books related to the creditor’s general security right, and analytical research, which relies on discussing the subject in a scientific manner. The researcher also uses the comparative approach based on comparing the effects of not implementing the obligation between the Ottoman Code of Judicial Provisions and other comparative laws such as Jordanian and Egyptian law. At the conclusion of this study, a set of results were reached, the most important of which is: The Ottoman Code of Judicial Provisions, as the civil law in force in Palestine, did not address the state of emergency or even force majeure among its texts. This means that there is a legislative vacuum in Palestine regarding the legal effects resulting from non-implementation of contracts due to force majeure. Also, by reading the legal texts contained in Decree Law No. (15) of 2017 regarding Palestinian electronic transactions, we find that it is devoid of any legal text that speaks about the effects of not implementing obligations in electronic contracts. Also, the Ottoman Code of Judicial Provisions did not regulate the emergency circumstance in the manner stated in the civil laws that we reviewed previously, but rather it is deduced from the general rules it contained, and from some of the provisions of the lease contract, that it is a temporary contract with lax implementation. Likewise, the impossibility of implementing the obligation is due to every foreign cause that has nothing to do with the debtor that arose at a later time after concluding the contract. When those conditions are met and the implementation of the obligation becomes impossible, the debtor is absolved from the obligation. This is called rescission of the contract by force of law, and this is what is stated in Article 247 of the Code. The Jordanian Civil Code, Articles (373, 215, 159) of the Egyptian Civil Code, as well as Article 172 of the draft Palestinian Civil Code. Based on the previous results, the study recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which is: stipulating a general principle that the debtor’s contractual liability is established not only for his personal error and for the errors of his subordinates and employees, but also for the errors of third parties who were entrusted with implementing his contract, and in this regard we propose the following text: A - for the debtor To entrust the implementation of his obligation, in whole or in part, to another, if a condition in the contract does not prevent him or the nature of the work does not require that he carry out it himself. B-The debtor’s responsibility remains with the creditor. Likewise, the text in the Palestinian Civil Code draft adds an article that includes what Islamic jurisprudence has dealt with regarding issues and topics related to bearing the consequences of loss. This rule is simple and complex that governs all the effects of loss, so it must be included in the Palestinian legal legislation in a broader and clearer way despite its existence. As well as expanding the idea of the impact of description and force majeure on contract obligations in Palestinian law, so that their cases are determined, to contribute to making rulings issued by the discretionary authority of the judge.