تقييم مصادر المياه الجوفيه وخطة حماية حرم البئر في منطقة الفوار
Date
2011-01-23
Authors
امجد ياسر 'عودة الله' درابيع
AMJAD YASER 'AWDT ALLAH' DARABI
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
AL-Quds University
جامعة القدس
جامعة القدس
Abstract
Al Fawwar wells 1 & 2 are major source of drinking water for number of communities
like Al- Fawwar camp, Hadeb Al- Fawwar, Al- Higri town and the southern part of
Hebron city. The increase in population led to increased water demand and also there is
ability to increase the pollution levels. The aim of this study is the delineation of
Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPA) for Al- Fawwar wells 1 & 2 in Hebron
Governorate due to lack of studies in the West Bank that covers the protection of
public drinking water wells from potential sources of pollution by considering the
groundwater protection regulation developed by Palestinian Water Authority. It also
investigates the potential sources of pollutants that affect the groundwater in the
catchment area that extend from Dura at west to Al- Fawwar refugee camp at east,
Hebron city at north and Khursa and Tarama villages in south.
The lithology of Al- Fawwar wells 1 & 2 was determined by carrying out a geoelectrical
investigation by using Vertical Electrical Surrounding (VES). Three main
geological formations in the study area were concluded; Hebron formation,
Bethlehem formation and Jerusalem formation which consist of dolomite, marl and
limestone.
The water budget of Al Fawwar wells 1 & 2 catchment was calculated, the area of the
wells catchment was about 16 km2
, the volume of: precipitation was 7.93 MCM, water
import was 0.438 MCM, evapotranspiration was 5.70 MCM, surface runoff 0.91
MCM, groundwater recharge was 1.84 MCM spring production was 0.354 MCM and
a wells abstraction was 0.691 MCM. The evapotranspiration was about 72% of
precipitation, the surface runoff was about 11.5% and the groundwater recharge was
about 23%. The water loss from precipitation was calculated to be 83.5%.
The potential sources of contamination in the catchment determined to include;
agricultural lands (use fertilizers and pesticides), lack of sewage network (instead of
it, use cesspits to dispose wastewater); for this the groundwater quality of Al- Fawwar
wells 1 & 2 was evaluated for domestic purposes. The results show that the
concentration of nitrate of Al- Fawwar wells 1 & 2 was (101 and 104 mg/L)
respectively, that exceed the acceptable limits of nitrate in drinking water according to
iv
WHO and PWA standards for drinking water. The results of Fecal coliform (FC) and
Total coliform (TC) tests were (zero cfu/ 100 ml) (after chlorination of water) that
accepted with WHO and PWA standards for drinking water.
The boundaries of Wellhead Protection Area (WHPA) of Al- Fawwar wells were
identified using two methods: Calculated Fixed Radius (CFR) and Wellhead Analytic
Element Model (WhAEM2000). According to the results of using CFR method for
Al- Fawwar well no. 1, the radius of 50 days zone is 51.19 m, for 2 year is 195.6 m
and for 5 year is about 309.29 m. For Al- Fawwar well no. 2, the radius of 50 days
zone was 38.2 m, for 2 year was 145.8 m and for 5 year was about 230.5 m.
According to the results of using WhAEM2000 method for Al- Fawwar well no.1, the
travel time parameter (Ť) of 50 days is 0.49, (0.1< Ť < 1), the radius (R) and the
eccentricity (δ) is 16.31 m, 5.10 m respectively. For 2 year (Ť) is 7.18, (Ť > 1), the
boat shaped radiuses Lu, Ls and Ymax are 149.25 m, 15.77 m, 49.5 m respectively. For
5 year (Ť) is 17.94, Ť > 1, the boat shaped radiuses Lu, Ls and Ymax are 330.53 m,
15.77 m, 49.5 m respectively. For Al- Fawwar well no. 2, the travel time parameter
(Ť) of 50 days was 0.93, (0.1< Ť < 1), the radius (R) and the eccentricity (δ) was
12.89 m, 5.2 m respectively. For 2 year (Ť) was 13.55, (Ť > 1), the boat shaped
radiuses Lu, Ls and Ymax were 139.7 m, 8.55 m, 26.85 m respectively. For 5 year (Ť)
was 33.87, Ť > 1, the boat shaped radiuses Lu, Ls and Ymax were 320.4 m, 8.55 m,
26.85 m respectively.
There were violations in the well filed that must prevented after delineation of WHPA
of Al- Fawwar wells 1 & 2 like grazing and presence of cesspit in Zone 1. Also there
were violations in the boundary of Zone 2 like using of fertilizers and pesticides. By
this study, it’s recommended to delineate WHPAs for public drinking water wells
mainly by using the WhAEM2000 method.
Description
Keywords
الدراسات البيئية , Environmental Studies