الكنائس البيزنطية في بيت لحم ومحيطها الشرقي دراسة تاريخية، وأثرية، ومعمارية
Date
2023-12-27
Authors
ميسون علي محمد ردايده
Maysoon Ali Mohammad Radaeda
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
لمدينة بيت لحم أهمية دينية وقدسية عظيمة نتجت عن ولادة السيد المسيح عليه السلام فيها، والتي تعتبر وجهة مهمة للعالم المسيحي، حيث توالت عليها المؤثرات الحضارية المختلفة على مر العصور، والتي خلّفت وراءها إرثًا دينيا وثقافيا يعد شاهدًا على مكانتها، وكان لزامًا أن تحتوي على أهم دور العبادة للقيام بالطقوس الدينية والعبادات الروحانية، ومن هذه المؤثرات الحضارية مؤثر الحضارة البيزنطية. لقد تناولت الدراسة الكنائس المستخدمة المأهولة والمهملة والمهدمة في مدينة بيت لحم ومحيطها الشرقي، والتي تم بناؤها خلال الفترة الواقعة بين القرن الرابع الميلادي والقرن السابع الميلادي من الناحية التاريخية والأثرية والمعمارية على نوعيها، وفق منهج تحليلي وصفي اعتمد على المراجع التاريخية والمعاينة الميدانية.
هذا وقد اشتمل البحث على ستة فصول، تناول الفصل الأول المقدمة ومنهجية الدراسة، والثاني الإطار العام، والثالث مراحل تطور التخطيط المعماري للبناء كعامل داعم بالإضافة إلى الإطار التاريخي لعمارة الكنائس كعامل توضيحي. ثم تناولت الكنائس المستخدمة والمهدمة في الفصل الرابع حيث تم رصد عشر كنائس في المدينة ومحيطها الشرقي في دراسة مقارنة عبر البحث والتدقيق في المراجع التي تناولتها، هي: كنيسة المهد، وكنائس حقل الرعاة، وكنيسة دير ابن عبيد، وكنائس دير مار سابا، ، وكنيسة مغارة الحليب، وكنائس سير الغنم، وكنيسة خربة دير الراهب، وكنائس هيروديوم، وكنيسة خربة الدير، وكنيسة أم العمد، وذلك من خلال المعاينة الميدانية عبر زيارة الكنائس المستخدمة منها والبحث والتقصي عن المهملة ومعاينتها مباشرة، ورسم الخرائط الهندسية لأساساتها وتصميمها وتوثيق مخلفاتها بالصور والرسوم الهندسية.
كما تناول البحث فنون وزخارف الكنائس، كالفسيفساء والنقوش والرسوم والصور التي زينتها وكان لها مدلولات رمزية ودينية، والتي شكّلت أنماط فنون الكنائس الشرقية. وفي الفصل الخامس تم تناول فنون وزخارف الكنائس عمومًا، وإسقاطها على مجموعة البحث عبر المقارنة والاستخدام للأنماط المذكورة لتثبيت المفاهيم في الكنائس الشرقية المحلية، ثم الفصل السادس خاتمة البحث ونتائجه وتوصياته.
The city of Bethlehem has great religious and sacred importance resulting from the birth of Jesus, the Christ, and it is considered an important destination for the Christian in the whole world, as various cultural influences have passed over it throughout the ages, which left behind a religious and cultural legacy that is a testament to its status, and it was necessary for it to contain the most important places of worship for carrying out religious and spiritual rituals, and among these cultural influences is the influence of the Byzantine civilization. The study dealt with the used and abandoned/ destroyed churches located in the city of Bethlehem and its eastern surroundings that were built between the fourth and the seventh centuries AD, from a historical, archaeological, and archticutral perspective, according to a descriptive analytical approach that relied on historical references and field inspection. The current study contains six chapters, the first chapter presents the introduction and the methodology of the study, the second chapter presents the general framework, and the third chapter presents the stages of the architectural planning development as a supporting factor, in addition to the historical framework of church architecture as an explanatory factor. The fourth chapter dealt with ten inhabited and demolished churches in Bethlehem city and its eastern surroundings using comparative study, namely the Church of the Nativity, the churches of the Shepherds’ Field, the Church of Deir Ibn Ubaid, the churches of Mar Saba Monastery, the Church of the Milk Grotto, the churches of the Siyar El-Ghanam, the church of Khirbet Deir al-Raheb, and the churches of Herodium, the church of Khirbet al-Deir, and the church of Umm al-Amad, through field inspection by visiting the inhapited ones, searching and investigating the demolished ones, inspecting them directly, drawing maps of their foundations and architecture, and documenting their remains with pictures and engineering drawings. The study presents the arts and decorations of churches, such as mosaics, engravings, drawings, and pictures that decorated them and had symbolic and religious connotations, which formed the patterns of the arts of the eastern churches. While in the fifth chapter the arts and decorations of churches were discussed and presented in general, then they were implemented to the study’s selected group of churches using comparison and aforementioned patterns in order to prove local Eastern churches concepts. Finally, the sixth chapter concluded the study, its results, and its recommendations.
The city of Bethlehem has great religious and sacred importance resulting from the birth of Jesus, the Christ, and it is considered an important destination for the Christian in the whole world, as various cultural influences have passed over it throughout the ages, which left behind a religious and cultural legacy that is a testament to its status, and it was necessary for it to contain the most important places of worship for carrying out religious and spiritual rituals, and among these cultural influences is the influence of the Byzantine civilization. The study dealt with the used and abandoned/ destroyed churches located in the city of Bethlehem and its eastern surroundings that were built between the fourth and the seventh centuries AD, from a historical, archaeological, and archticutral perspective, according to a descriptive analytical approach that relied on historical references and field inspection. The current study contains six chapters, the first chapter presents the introduction and the methodology of the study, the second chapter presents the general framework, and the third chapter presents the stages of the architectural planning development as a supporting factor, in addition to the historical framework of church architecture as an explanatory factor. The fourth chapter dealt with ten inhabited and demolished churches in Bethlehem city and its eastern surroundings using comparative study, namely the Church of the Nativity, the churches of the Shepherds’ Field, the Church of Deir Ibn Ubaid, the churches of Mar Saba Monastery, the Church of the Milk Grotto, the churches of the Siyar El-Ghanam, the church of Khirbet Deir al-Raheb, and the churches of Herodium, the church of Khirbet al-Deir, and the church of Umm al-Amad, through field inspection by visiting the inhapited ones, searching and investigating the demolished ones, inspecting them directly, drawing maps of their foundations and architecture, and documenting their remains with pictures and engineering drawings. The study presents the arts and decorations of churches, such as mosaics, engravings, drawings, and pictures that decorated them and had symbolic and religious connotations, which formed the patterns of the arts of the eastern churches. While in the fifth chapter the arts and decorations of churches were discussed and presented in general, then they were implemented to the study’s selected group of churches using comparison and aforementioned patterns in order to prove local Eastern churches concepts. Finally, the sixth chapter concluded the study, its results, and its recommendations.