الاختفاء القسري
Date
2025-05-25
Authors
مريم ياسر بدر صبيح
Mariam yaseer bader sbaih
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Al-Quds University
Abstract
ينصب موضوع هذه الدراسة حول جريمة الاختفاء القسري "نموذجا سوريا"، وقد جاءت في مقدمة وفصلين والهدف منها هو تحديد أهداف الاختفاء القسري في سوريا والجهة القائمة عليه، وموقف المواثيق والاتفاقيات الدولية من جريمة الاختفاء القسري في سوريا، حيثُ جرى البحث في البداية عن الطبيعة القانونية للاختفاء القسري في ضوء قواعد القانون الدولي الإنساني، من ناحية ماهيتها وخصائصها والأركان التي يجب استيفاؤها لقيام جرم الاختفاء القسري.
يستعرض الفصل الأول من الدراسة الطبيعة القانونية للاختفاء القسري في ضوء قواعد القانون الدولي الإنساني، حيث أنه جريمة ضد الإنسانية بصريح أحكام النظام الأساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية، وبالتالي فإن الاختفاء القسري بدأ كظاهرة عالمية في كثير من دول العالم إلى أن أصبحت آثارها تؤثر على المجتمع الدولي بشكل أكبر على الأشخاص المحتجزين، عطفا على جريمة الاختفاء القسري ليست وليدة العصر وإنما وجدت مع عصر وجود أدولف هتلر، حيث كان يتم اختطاف الألمان المعارضين لحزبه ونظامه؛ إذن فإن جريمة الاختفاء القسري تطورت وأصبحت ظاهرة عالمية؛ لأنها لم تعد ضمن حدود دولة وإنما انتشرت في كثير من دول العالم وأصبحت لها تداعيات كثيرة.
ونتيجةً لذلك قامت المنظمات الدولية كمنظمة الأمم المتحدة بإصدار العديد من الاتفاقيات الدولية والإعلانات ذات العلاقة الخاصة بحالات الاختفاء القسري التي نظمت الاتفاقية الدولية لحماية جميع الأشخاص من الاختفاء القسري، وإعلان حماية جميع الأشخاص من الاختفاء القسري.
كما تطرقت الدراسة إلى اتفاقيات جنيف الأربعة والبروتوكولين الإضافيين التي ألزمت الدول المحتلة في إعادة الأشخاص إلى وطنهم بعد انتهاء العمليات الحربية، علما بأن هذه الاتفاقية تُمثل القانون الدولي الإنساني الذي يطبق في حال النزاعات المسلحة، وفي المقابل فإن الاختفاء القسري عادة ما يحدث ضمن هجوم مسلح على نطاقات واسعة من إقليم الدولة، كسوريا مثلا أبان الثورة السورية عام 2011م تم إجلاء عدد كبير من المدنيين السوريين و إخفائهم وتعريضهم للتعذيب والمعاملة السيئة والقتل وغيرها من الانتهاكات التي حظرها القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان المتمثل في العهد الدوليين 1996م والإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان، حيث أنهما قد أقرها بالحماية القانونية للأفراد من هذه الانتهاكات.
أما الفصل الثاني قد تطرق إلى الوضع السوري في عام 2011م، حيث تعرضت سوريا في تلك الفترة إلى إجلاء وهجوم كبير من قبل الحكومة وبعض المنظمات الداعمة لها، علما أن حالات الاختفاء القسري لم تكن مقصورة منذ بداية عام 2011م فقد كانت حالات الاختفاء القسري تتم منذ وجود نظام الأسدين عام 1970م.
كما أنه عرض الجهات الدولية التي تختص في حماية الأشخاص الذين تعرضوا للاختفاء القسري، كلجنة الفريق العامل المعنى في الاختفاء القسري، التي ساهمت في نشر الوعي بين أسر الأشخاص المختطفين، كما أن محكمة الجنائية الدولية ونظامها الأساسي يلعب دوراً مهماً في توفير الحماية القانونية من جريمة الاختفاء القسري.
واختتمت الدراسة بنتائج وتوصيات أبرزها أنّ الاختفاء القسري هو من أخطر الانتهاكات الجسيمة التي يمكن أن يتعرض له أي شخص على الإطلاق مهما كان رجلاً أو امرأة أو حتى طفلاً، فهو انتهاك يطال المنظومة المتكاملة من حقوق الإنسان المكفولة لجميع الأشخاص، وأن سوريا من الدول العربية التي تعرضت للاختفاء القسري، كما حثت هذه الدراسة على العمل على تدوين الاختفاء القسري باعتباره جريمة من الجرائم العادية، أو كجريمة ضد الإنسانية عندما ترتكب في إطار هجوم واسع النطاق أو منهجي موجه ضد مجموعة من السكان المدنيين، والعمل على تعريف جريمة الاختفاء القسري على ضوء التعريف الذي جاءت به الاتفاقية الدولية وبالتالي إدراج العناصر الثلاثة للتعرف وهي الحرمان من الحرية، وضلوع موظفي الدولة أو أشخاص أو مجموعات من الأفراد يتصرفون بإذن أو دعم من الدولة أو أشخاص أو مجموعات من الأفراد يتصرفون بإذن أو دعم من الدولة أو بموافقتها أو دون ذلك، رفض الكشف عن مصير الشخص المعني ومكان وجوده.
الكلمات المفتاحية: جريمة، الاختفاء القسري، القانون الدولي
The topic of this study focuses on the crime of enforced disappearance A Syrian Model, and it came in the introduction and separation and its aim is to define the goals of enforced disappearance in Syria and the entity on it, and the position of international covenants and agreements regarding the crime of enforced disappearance in Syria, where the legal nature of the enforced disappearance was initially searched in the light of the rules of international humanitarian law, in terms of its essence, characteristics and pillars that must be seized for the crime of disappearance Forced. The first chapter of the study reviews the legal nature of enforced disappearance in the light of the rules of international humanitarian law, as it is a crime against humanity with explicitly the provisions of the Basic System of the International Criminal Court, and therefore enforced disappearance began as a global phenomenon in many countries of the world until its effects have become more affecting the international community on the detained persons, sympathy for the crime of enforced disappearance is not his child in the era but was found with the era of Odfal Hitler, where the Germans were kidnapped, where the Germans were kidnapped The opponents of its party and its heat; So the crime of forced abuse has evolved and has become a global phenomenon; Because it is no longer within the borders of a state, but rather spread in many countries of the world and its repercussions have become. As a result, international organizations, such as the United Nations Organization, issued many international agreements and relevant advertisements for enforced disappearances that organized the International Convention to protect all persons from enforced disappearance, and declaring the protection of all persons from enforced disappearance. The study also touched on the four Geneva Conventions and the additional protocols that committed the occupied countries to return people to their home The Syrians, their hidden, and their exposure to torture, the visual treatment, killing and other violations that prohibited international human rights law represented in the 1996 AD and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as they have approved the legal protection of individuals from these violations. As for the second chapter, it touched on the Syrian situation in 2011, when Syria was subjected to a significant evacuation and attack by the government and some of its supportive organizations, knowing that cases of enforced disappearance were not limited since the beginning of 2011, as cases of enforced disappearance were carried out since the presence of the Assad regime in 1970. It also presented the international bodies that specialize in protecting people who were subjected to enforced disappearance, such as the committee, the working team, which is concerned with forced hypothesis, which contributed to spreading awareness among the families of the kidnapped persons, and the International Criminal Court and its primary system plays an important role in providing legal protection from the crime of enforced disappearance. The study concluded with results and recommendations, most notably that enforced disappearance is one of the most dangerous violations that anyone can be exposed to at all, no matter how a man, a woman, or even a child, is a violation that affects the integrated system of human rights guaranteed to all people, and that Syria is one of the Arab countries that have been subjected to enforced disappearance, and this study also urged work to write down the enforced disappearance as a crime of normal crime, or as a crime against Humanity, when it is committed in the framework of a large -scale or systematic attack against a group of civilian population, and working to define the crime of enforced disappearance in light of the definition that the international agreement brought and thus the inclusion of the three elements to identify, which is the deprivation of freedom, and the state employees, people or groups of individuals who behave or support from the state, people or groups of individuals who behave with the permission or support of the state or with its approval or without that, refused Detecting the fate of the person concerned and the location of his existence. Keywords: crime, enforced disappearance, international law
The topic of this study focuses on the crime of enforced disappearance A Syrian Model, and it came in the introduction and separation and its aim is to define the goals of enforced disappearance in Syria and the entity on it, and the position of international covenants and agreements regarding the crime of enforced disappearance in Syria, where the legal nature of the enforced disappearance was initially searched in the light of the rules of international humanitarian law, in terms of its essence, characteristics and pillars that must be seized for the crime of disappearance Forced. The first chapter of the study reviews the legal nature of enforced disappearance in the light of the rules of international humanitarian law, as it is a crime against humanity with explicitly the provisions of the Basic System of the International Criminal Court, and therefore enforced disappearance began as a global phenomenon in many countries of the world until its effects have become more affecting the international community on the detained persons, sympathy for the crime of enforced disappearance is not his child in the era but was found with the era of Odfal Hitler, where the Germans were kidnapped, where the Germans were kidnapped The opponents of its party and its heat; So the crime of forced abuse has evolved and has become a global phenomenon; Because it is no longer within the borders of a state, but rather spread in many countries of the world and its repercussions have become. As a result, international organizations, such as the United Nations Organization, issued many international agreements and relevant advertisements for enforced disappearances that organized the International Convention to protect all persons from enforced disappearance, and declaring the protection of all persons from enforced disappearance. The study also touched on the four Geneva Conventions and the additional protocols that committed the occupied countries to return people to their home The Syrians, their hidden, and their exposure to torture, the visual treatment, killing and other violations that prohibited international human rights law represented in the 1996 AD and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as they have approved the legal protection of individuals from these violations. As for the second chapter, it touched on the Syrian situation in 2011, when Syria was subjected to a significant evacuation and attack by the government and some of its supportive organizations, knowing that cases of enforced disappearance were not limited since the beginning of 2011, as cases of enforced disappearance were carried out since the presence of the Assad regime in 1970. It also presented the international bodies that specialize in protecting people who were subjected to enforced disappearance, such as the committee, the working team, which is concerned with forced hypothesis, which contributed to spreading awareness among the families of the kidnapped persons, and the International Criminal Court and its primary system plays an important role in providing legal protection from the crime of enforced disappearance. The study concluded with results and recommendations, most notably that enforced disappearance is one of the most dangerous violations that anyone can be exposed to at all, no matter how a man, a woman, or even a child, is a violation that affects the integrated system of human rights guaranteed to all people, and that Syria is one of the Arab countries that have been subjected to enforced disappearance, and this study also urged work to write down the enforced disappearance as a crime of normal crime, or as a crime against Humanity, when it is committed in the framework of a large -scale or systematic attack against a group of civilian population, and working to define the crime of enforced disappearance in light of the definition that the international agreement brought and thus the inclusion of the three elements to identify, which is the deprivation of freedom, and the state employees, people or groups of individuals who behave or support from the state, people or groups of individuals who behave with the permission or support of the state or with its approval or without that, refused Detecting the fate of the person concerned and the location of his existence. Keywords: crime, enforced disappearance, international law
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Citation
صبيح، مريم ياسر. (2025). الاختفاء القسري [رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة]. جامعة القدس.