Physics الفيزياء
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Now showing 1 - 5 of 103
- ItemTHE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PROJECTS ON SCHOOL ROOF-TOPS IN PALESTINE: A CASE STUDY IN BANI NAIM TOWN(Al-Quds University, 2025-04-26) Ayat Issa Ahmad Zedat; ايات عيسى أحمد زيداتGiven the difficulties and barriers that nations face in the energy sector, as well as population growth and rising energy consumption, it is now necessary to turn to alternative energy sources, especially renewable energy sources, which are essential for meeting global demands and ensuring environmental sustainability because of their sustainability and availability. The energy situation in Palestine in particular is related to infrastructural and political and economic limitations, which demand for considerable work to resolve. It is now imperative to find a fossil fuel substitute, and solar energy has turned out to be the best option. In Palestine, it is a viable choice for enhancing sustainability and energy security. Appropriate locations for solar energy projects must be accessible in order to capture solar energy. Using the almost empty rooftops of schools to produce power through photovoltaic solar energy projects is where the concept for this study developed. Along with reduced energy use, schools close for around 180 days of the year and operate no more than seven hours a day. This promotes the use of these open areas on school roofs for solar energy production. To conduct a feasibility assessment of using building rooftops for solar energy generation, this study utilized a photovoltaic solar energy software PVsyst to create a virtual photovoltaic system on the rooftop of Bani Naim Secondary School for Girls. The system's capacity was estimated at 104 kW, with a total area of 494 m2, using 189 panels, and an expected annual production of 176,098 kWh. According to the regional electricity company, the school's consumption was 9,510 kWh, resulting in an annual surplus of 166,588 kWh, and the selling price each year reached 96621.04 NIS. There are over 3,075 schools in Palestine. The project will generate 541Gwh when it is implemented in these schools, and it will cost around 920 million NIS over a period of six years for recovery.
- ItemASSESMENTS OF SCHOOL ROOFTOP PHOTOVOLTIC PROJECTS IN BEIT SAHOUR: A CASE STUDY OF GREEKCATHOLIC PATRIARCHATE SCHOOL(Al-Quds University, 2025-05-17) Razan Mohammad Mahmmoud Ayesh; رزان محمد محمود عايشRenewable energy sources have proven their promising potential in meeting energy needs sustainably. The Palestinian territories rely heavily on electricity imports from Israel and neighboring countries, which poses an increasing economic burden due to the insecurity of energy supplies and fluctuating prices, especially in recent years. Despite this, Palestine has abundant solar energy resources, with an average peak sunshine hour of approximately 5.4 hours per day throughout the year, giving it promising potential for developing photovoltaic energy projects and achieving greater energy self-sufficiency. In this study, an assessment of solar energy potential for Greek Catholic Patriarchate School in Beit Sahour as a case study. Schools are suitable for this type of projects because they are closed for approximately 180 days per year and operate at reduced hours throughout the year, which contributes to a higher annual net solar return. In this work, an assessment of virtual solar photovoltaic energy project was conducted on the rooftop of the Greek Catholic Patriarchate School in Beit Sahour. The capacity of the system estimated to be 204 KW, over a total area of 909 m2. The total PV panels used are 352 with an estimated annual electrical energy production of 328440 KWh. The annual consumption of the school in the year 2024 was found to be 39650 KWh, however, the estimated annual surplus is 2887790 KWh. Therefore, the study concludes that the installation of solar energy units on the roofs of Greek Catholic school’s buildings is feasible, according to the cost and payback period. Thus, the study encourages the school to make the decision of installing solar energy units, for its benefits and reducing expenses of the school.
- ItemA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MAGNETIC CHARACTERIZATION FOR MAGNETOCALORIC MATERIALS(Al-Quds University, 2024-12-14) Nihal Mahmoud Abd Alhamed Abuassba; نهال محمود عبد الحميد ابو عصبهThe demand for an alternative to traditional refrigeration systems has grown during a period of rising energy consumption, which is predicted to triple by 2050. This is particularly true given that traditional refrigerators contribute to the ozone layer's thinning. However, research is still ongoing to obtain the best magnetic material and overcome the materials relating issues like mechanical stability, hysteresis/reversibility, or formability. This thesis presents the current trend of magnetocaloric materials and highlights the top families of compounds and alloys that have received attention in recent years. It also introduces a comparative analysis of the magnetocaloric and magnetic properties of the current trend materials (La(Fe,Si)13, Ni2–Mn-X-based Heusler alloys (H•A•s), and the High entropy alloys (HEAs)) according to their physical form, synthesis method, the elements of compounds and their proportions, and the effect of doping on those properties. In Ni2MnGa, the bulk single crystal and polycrystalline bulk show good magnetocaloric properties in contrast to the microwires and nanowires. And in La(Fe,Si)13, the melt spinning and ball milling show huge quantities of La(Fe,Si)13 with a high purity in a very short amount of annealing time in contrast to the arc melting, which shows a large annealing time due to the slow cooling process. Also, the Curie temperature of La(Fe,Si)13 can be increased by doping with Al or the light element H as a result of the strong exchange interaction that overcomes the kinetic energy of the itinerant electrons. In contrast to RE-free High entropy alloys, which exhibit a Curie temperature near room temperature but a small magnetic entropy change, RE-based High entropy alloys exhibit a low Curie temperature because of the weak exchange interaction and large magnetic entropy change caused by the large magnetic moments present in the rare earth elements. This study focused on the bulk properties of those MCE materials. To examine structural and magnetic properties in detail, one can use advanced techniques like X-ray absorption spectroscopy, high magnetic field measurements, and neutron scattering because they provide localized information and focus on specific atomic and magnetic environments.
- ItemSecuring electricity needs from rooftop solar PV systems: A case study of three schools in Beit Fajjar-Bethlehem-Palestine(Al-Quds University, 2023-12-23) Ali yousef Taqatqa; علي يوسف طقاطقةIn Palestine the energy sector suffers due to the various policies of the Israeli occupation, and the energy sector in Palestine is considered expensive as a result of the dependence of the industrial sector in Palestine directly on electricity, so it is necessary to resort to sources of renewable energy as a new source of energy. Solar energy systems are one of the most important renewable energy sources in the world, and the countries of the world today seek to exploit this method in securing their energy needs. To exploit solar energy must be available the spaces on which solar projects should be placed, hence the idea of this study in exploiting the roofs of almost empty schools in the generation of electricity through solar photovoltaic projects, because schools close their doors about 180 days a year, and have a period of working a day with a maximum of 7 hours, as well as the low energy consumption, all of these stimulate the exploitation of these spaces available on school roofs to generate solar energy. In order to study the feasibility of exploiting the roofs of buildings to generate electrical energy, in this study, PVsyst software was used to build and design three photovoltaic systems on the roofs of three schools of different area and amount of consumption, and then calculate the income and payback period. The total area used in the three projects combined was about 901 m2, the total number of panels used was 345 panels, and the capacity of the three systems 189.75 Kw, so the annual production 314681 kwh. From the electricity company’s readings, it was found that the three schools consumes an amount of electricity amounting to 39401 kwh, so the annual surplus amount from the three schools is about 268653 kwh, and its annual selling price reaches 150445.68 NIS. The number of schools in Palestine 3075 When this project is implemented on the roofs of these schools, they will produce 322.54 Gwh, which represents 4.98% of the annual consumption of electricity in Palestine, in addition to the schools’ energy consumption, which represents 0.6% of the annual consumption. The total cost of the project will reach 816 million NIS with a payback period of about 5 years, and the total annual income from selling the surplus electricity for schools will be 154 million NIS. This will help reduce the bill for purchasing electricity from Israel, as it will save the Palestinian treasury an amount of 150. 5 million NIS after about 5 years
- ItemWind Speed Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms: A Case Study of Using ANFIS and KNNR(Al-Quds University, 2023-07-26) Khalil Shiban Mahmoud Abuayyash; خليل شيبان محمود ابو عياشWind speed prediction using machine learning algorithms is crucial for various applications, such as wind energy planning and urban development. This paper presents a case study on wind speed prediction in Jerusalem using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and K-Nearest Neighbors Regression (KNNR) algorithms. The study evaluates their performance using multiple metrics, including root mean square (RMSE), bias, and coefficient of determination R2. ANFIS demonstrates good accuracy with lower RMSE (0.196) and minimal bias (0.0003). However, there is room for improvement in capturing overall variability (R2 = 0.15). In contrast, KNNR exhibits a higher R2 (0.4093), indicating a better fit, but with a higher RMSE (1.4209). This study provides insights into the applicability of ANFIS and KNNR in wind speed prediction for Jerusalem and suggests future research directions. The outcomes have practical implications for wind energy planning, urban development, and environmental assessments in similar regions.