POTENTIAL HEALTH RISKS OF CONSUMING CONTAMINATED FLOUR
Date
2026-05-12
Authors
Sara Ahmed Nayef
Ikram Imad Alkhatib
Sara Jama Elzebda
Tahreer Hisham Muhaisen
Tala Nehad Alqishawi
Abdelraouf Ali Elmanama
Renad Ibrahim Abu Dan
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Deanship of Scientific Research - Al-Quds University
Abstract
Background: Flour is an essential, widely consumed staple and an ideal vehicle for multi-micronutrient fortification. Wheat flour, in particular, is valued for its nutritional content, providing protein, B-group vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. The Gaza Strip, home to nearly 2.2 million people—47% of whom are children—has been under prolonged blockade and recurrent conflict. Recent hostilities have intensified food and nutrition insecurity, forcing many households to rely on flour from informal or compromised sources. Historically, flour was not considered a source of pathogenic microorganisms; however, recent evidence has identified pathogens such as *Salmonella* and *Escherichia coli* in wheat flour, linked to foodborne outbreaks. Flour is also susceptible to fungal contamination, including molds such as *Aspergillus*, *Penicillium*, and *Fusarium*, which can produce harmful mycotoxins. In addition, concerns exist regarding chemical contaminants, including pesticide residues, heavy metals, and anthropogenic radionuclides. These risks are particularly significant for vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women.
Objectives: (1) To identify and classify major microbial, fungal, and chemical contaminants found in flour; (2) to investigate reports of contaminated flour consumption in Gaza, including its scale, causes, and immediate health impacts; (3) to review current methods for detecting contamination; and (4) to evaluate preventive strategies for controlling contamination.
Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify common contaminants, including *Salmonella*, *E. coli*, aflatoxins, pesticide residues, and heavy metals. In parallel, a structured household survey was administered to collect descriptive data on awareness, storage practices, and self-reported health effects related to flour consumption.