Master In Chemistry

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Browsing Master In Chemistry by Author "Manal Mohammed Saleh Ghattas"

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    APOE Gene variants and Risk of Hyperlipidemia in Palestinian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
    (Al-Quds University, 2021-01-16) Manal Mohammed Saleh Ghattas; منال محمد صالح غطاس
    Diabetes is considered as one of the most popular metabolic diseases worldwide. Type 2 is the most common by which it affects 90% of all diabetic patients in the world. The problem with the disease is that insulin is not doing its job or it is not secreted at all. This elevates the sugar level in the bloodstream, as it is not entering the human cells. There are several contributing agents that participate in the development of T2DM, they could be environmental or genetic or both. Many genes have been shown to be involved in increasing the risk of T2DM. One of these genes is APOE gene which is responsible for producing apolipoprotein E that is important in lipid metabolism. The study is a cross sectional that was done in the period from January to April 2019. It consists of T2DM Palestinian subjects divided into two groups; lipidemic (case) and non-lipidemic (control). A total of 204 diabetic subjects were included in this study; 96 participants were lipidemic and 108 were non-lipidemic. All patients aged over 50 years and admitted in Ramallah hospital/Palestine. The lipid profile was performed during the hospital admission examination. Two SNPs within the exon 4 of the APOE gene and three SNPs in the APOE promoter region were identified by amplicon based next generation sequencing (NGS) and it is the first to be held on Palestinian population. The frequencies of these polymorphisms were assessed in the studied population. Further, the associations of APOE genotype and promoter SNPs with risk of hyperlipidemia in T2DM patients were investigated. Our results showed that the frequency of E3 allele was the highest (79.6%) among other alleles; E3/E3 genotype was also found to be highest in all T2DM subjects with a frequency of 78.1%. Our study population was stratified according to lipid status, the obtained results showed no statistical differences (P>0.05) of APOE genotypes frequency (APOE polymorphisms and promoter SNPs) among lipidemic and non lipidemic groups. Further, Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender and BMI showed no association between APOE genotypes (epsilon and promoter polymorphisms) and risk of dyslipidemia. No significant association was observed between APOE genotypes and serum cholesterol, TG, HDL-C and LDL levels. The possible synergistic effect between the promoter SNPs and the common APOE polymorphism was also investigated. We found no significant differences between lipidemic and non lipidemic groups after stratification of the promoter SNPs with the APOE genotypes. In conclusion, association between known SNPs and diseases are varied among different ethnic groups. Our study showed no association between APOE genotypes and hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients in the Palestinian population. Further studies should be done on larger sample to confirm the study results.