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The Impact of Freeze-Dried Pomegranate and Raspberry Powder on the Antioxidant Properties and Quality of Roast Beef
(Al-Quds Univeersity, 2026-01-10) Amir Kamal Alskafi; أمير كمال السكافي
Lipid oxidation and microbial deterioration are key factors that influence the quality of processed meats, particularly those stored at cold temperatures. This requires discovering efficient and organic techniques and approaches for maintaining these meat products. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of freeze-dried pomegranate powder (FDPP) and freeze-dried red raspberry powder (FDRP) as natural antioxidant alternatives to synthetic additives in enhancing the quality and shelf life of roast beef during refrigerated storage. Three incorporation levels (0.3%, 0.7%, and 1.5%) of each powder were applied and compared with a negative control (NC) sample, without any natural or synthetic antioxidants added, and a positive control (PC) containing sodium erythorbate (100 ppm). The analytical assessments comprised lipid oxidation evaluation using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, microbiological analyses including total plate count (TPC), total coliforms, and Escherichia coli, in addition to monitoring of pH changes. Furthermore, instrumental color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) as well as sensory characteristics were assessed periodically over a 60-day refrigerated storage period, which represents the shelf life of roast beef. The results indicated a progressive increase in lipid oxidation and microbial growth in all treatments throughout storage; however, samples treated with FDPP and FDRP demonstrated lower oxidative deterioration and improved microbiological quality compared to the negative control. Specifically, the study showed that there was significant antioxidant activity at a concentration of 1.5% of FDPP, where it reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by up to 75% compared to NC and achieved TBARS values similar to the PC group. It has also found that FDPP decreased the growth of total microbial levels significantly by over 70% in the treated samples, without affecting sensory characteristics during the storage period. Among the natural treatments, FDPP, particularly at higher concentrations, showed greater effectiveness in maintaining oxidative stability, preserving acceptable pH values, and retaining desirable color and sensory attributes during storage, with performance comparable to that of the positive control treated with sodium erythorbate. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that freeze-dried pomegranate powder is a promising clean-label natural antioxidant capable of improving product quality and extending the refrigerated shelf life of roast beef, thereby supporting its potential application in the meat processing industry. In comparison, FDRP exhibited moderate effectiveness, achieving the best outcomes at 0.3%, whereas elevated concentrations resulted in lower sensory assessments due to minor alterations in color and taste. In general, FDPP, especially at a level of 1.5%, showed notable effectiveness as a natural antioxidant and preservative, providing a pure substitute for synthetic additives such as BHT and BHA in the processing of roast beef.
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The Effect of a Suggested Exercise Program on Balance and Cardiovascular Fitness in Children with DownSyndrome: A Quasi Comparative Study
(Al-Quds Univeersity, 2025-12-13) Razan Michael Hilal; رزان ميشيل هلال
Background: Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder causedby having an extra copy of chromosome 21, which leads to physical and intellectual disabilities, typicalfacial features, delayed growth, and hypotonia. DS’s people objected tomedicalcomplications:heart defects, obesity, and diabetes. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured exercise program that integrates aerobic exercise and balance training, toward improving cardiovascular fitness and balance among DS’s children. Methods: A quasi-comparative (single-blinded) study conducted with 40 DS’s children aged 4 to 12 years from Jemima and Life Gate in Beit Jala. Participants were assigned by convenience sampling to either experimental group, which engaged in a structured exercise program for two sessions per week, with a 60-minute duration, over 12 weeks.Or to control group received standard physiotherapy sessions. Balance and cardiovascular fitness were assessed using the pre- and post-Berg Balance (PBB) Test and the 6-minute walk (6MWT) test. Results:The findings indicate that the structured exercise program hadsignificant improvements in cardiovascular endurance and balance among DS’s children. Participants in the intervention group demonstrated a statistically significant increase in 6MW Test (p=0.001) with a very large effect size (Cohen’s d=3.433), alongside marked improvements in overall balance as measured by the PBB Scale (p=0.001, Cohen’s d=1.447) compared to the control group. Notably, the intervention group showed substantial gains in specific balance tasks, including more challengingactivities such as turning 360 degrees and standing on one foot (p=0.001). Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was found between cardiovascular endurance and balance at post-test (r=0.663, p=0.001). Conclusion:This study demonstrates that a structured exercise program combining aerobic and balance training can effectively enhance cardiovascular endurance and balance amongDS’s children.Suggesting that targeted physical activity interventions may playa crucial role in promoting overall motor function and physical fitness among DS.
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Soap contamination by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitals care units in Bethlehem and Hebron (West Bank, Palestine)
(Al-Quds Univeersity, 2026-01-03) Shahd Raed Helmi AL-Qaisse; شهد رائد القيسي
Background: Washing hands with contaminated soap can increase the exposure to opportunistic pathogens and may contribute to the transmission of bacteria in public environments. One of these pathogens is Pseudomonas aeruginosa a gram-negative environmental bacterium, that predominantly lives in humid environment. It is a major cause of nosocomial infections in hospitals and causes acute or chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals. In addition, P. aeruginosa has an inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents, which can be more aggressive and cause severe therapeutic problems. However, P. aeruginosa as an opportunistic pathogen can activate useful phenotypes under environmental stress and persist in harmful situations such as the presence of antibiotic or antiseptic substances. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of P. aeruginosa contamination in soaps across hospital care units in Bethlehem and Hebron, Palestine. Methods: Soaps samples (N=79) were collected from various sections including, Intensive care units, Internal medicine units, Cardiac care units, Pediatric Oncology Department, Dialysis units, Rehabilitation, Post-natal care, Delivery room, Postnatal unit and Surgery. All samples were cultured in cetrimide agar plates for the isolation of P. aeruginosa without prior dilution. Preliminary tests including Gram stain, oxidase and growth at 42°C, coupled with Biochemical Identification using API 20 NE, used as confirmation tests for P. aeruginosa.   Results: Out of 79 soap samples collected from different care units, 15 (18.98%) samples tested positively for P. aeruginosa. From Bethlehem hospitals, out of forty-five samples there are 6 (7.59%) positive samples were detected. However, thirty-four samples from Hebron hospitals, 9 (11.39%) were positive samples contaminated with P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, the results showed that among the samples collected, only 3/15 (20%) positive samples used by medical staff, while 12/15 (80%) positive samples were used by patients and their companions. Conclusion and recommendations: All positive samples in this study were obtained from refilled soap dispensers; these findings support the notion that refillable soap dispensers are more susceptible to bacterial contamination likely due to accumulation of liquid in the pump head. Accordingly, positive samples in this study may be attributed to several factors including the presence of some soap bottles without a cover pump, unhygienic bathrooms, unclean sinks, or perhaps the contamination occurred in some way through tap water. In addition, the ability of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm may enhance its persistence, virulence and resist to antimicrobial agents. Antibiotic resistance represents a major and growing global public concern. Thus, reducing the transmission of bacterial pathogen among patients is essential to limit antibiotic use and slowing the antibiotic resistance. Hence, it is important to ensure that effective hand hygiene is the most effective method mainly in healthcare settings, washing hands with proper and uncontaminated soap by medical staff or patients can help to reduce nosocomial infections. Consequently, hospitals are strongly encouraged to replace refillable soap dispenser with disposable, sealed nonrefillable system to ensure sterile and effective hand washing practices.
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Self-Perceived Health Status and Sense of Coherence among Children with Cancer in the West Bank, Palestine
(Al-Quds Univeersity, 2026-01-03) Donya Mohammad Sobhi Anbar; دنيا محمد صبحي عنبر
Abstract Introduction: Self-perceived health status (SPHS) and sense of coherence (SOC) are important concepts in understanding the health experience of children with cancer. This study aims to identify the level of SPHS and SOC, identify the relationship between medical and sociodemographic characteristics and SPHS/SOC, and identify the relationship between SPHS and SOC among children aged 8 to 18 years with a cancer diagnosis. This study aims to fill that gap by exploring the relationship between SOC and SPHS in children with cancer in the West Bank, Palestine. Understanding these concepts will reveal the children's coping mechanisms and help healthcare providers improve SOC in routine care to enhance SPHS, assist policymakers in creating supportive programs, and ensure psychological needs are met, while also guiding future research. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. Two hundred participants completed the surveys, with a response rate of 54.1%. Participants were between 8 and 18 years old, had received a cancer diagnosis, were admitted to pediatric oncology/hematology wards or attended outpatient clinics at Najah National University Hospital (NNUH)/Nablus, Al-Istishari Hospital/Ramallah, and Beit-Jala Hospital/Bethlehem. Among the participants, 72% of children with cancer aged 8 to 18 years completed the PedsQL 3.0 Cancer Module Arabic Version, while 28% of children aged 13 to 18 years completed both the PedsQL 3.0 Cancer Module Arabic Version and the SOC-13 Arabic Version. The study period was from October 15, 2024, to December 16, 2025. Results: The findings revealed that the PedsQL mean was 52.02 (SD = 17.02) and had low SPHS; the highest score was in the domains of communication (mean = 67.96 ± 28.11), while the lowest SPHS was in the domains of worry (mean = 36.00 ± 29.02) and procedural anxiety (mean = 36.62 ± 27.68). Also, the SOC mean score was 55.02 (SD = 12.27), and 76.8% of participants had low SOC. The SOC domains were 19.54 ± 6.78 out of 35 for comprehensibility, 17.59 ± 3.86 out of 28 for manageability, and 17.89 ± 4.61 out of 28 for meaningfulness. Otherwise, Statistical analysis demonstrates a significant co-relationship between SPHS and SOC with r = 0.490, P-value < 0.01. Which means, high SOC indicates high SPHS, as a result, coping with stressors and living with cancer. Conclusion: The political situation in Palestine may negatively affect SOC in children overall, and specifically impact those with cancer, due to a lack of services and medication, and difficulty accessing healthcare. Tracking SPHS and SOC helps in understanding the impact of these barriers and assists caregivers in developing more effective interventions to improve the quality of care and support provided to these children. In summary, SOC is a key concept that affects SPHS among children with cancer. This shows that the psychological aspect in children is just as important as the medical aspect. الملخص مقدمة: يُعدّ كلٌّ من الحالة الصحية المُدرَكة ذاتيًا (SPHS) والشعور بالتماسك (SOC) مفهومين هامين لفهم التجربة الصحية للأطفال المصابين بالسرطان. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد مستوى كلٍّ من الحالة الصحية المُدرَكة ذاتيًا والشعور بالتماسك، وتحديد العلاقة بين الخصائص الطبية والاجتماعية والديموغرافية وهما، وتحديد العلاقة بينهما لدى الأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 8 و18 عامًا والمصابين بالسرطان. تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى سدّ هذه الفجوة من خلال استكشاف العلاقة بين الشعور بالتماسك والحالة الصحية المُدرَكة ذاتيًا لدى الأطفال المصابين بالسرطان في الضفة الغربية، فلسطين. سيكشف فهم هذه المفاهيم عن آليات التكيف لدى الأطفال، وسيساعد مقدمي الرعاية الصحية على تحسين الشعور بالتماسك في الرعاية الروتينية لتعزيز الحالة الصحية المُدرَكة ذاتيًا، كما سيساعد صانعي السياسات في إنشاء برامج داعمة، وضمان تلبية الاحتياجات النفسية، بالإضافة إلى توجيه البحوث المستقبلية. منهجية الدراسة: استُخدم تصميم وصفي مقطعي. أكمل مئتا مشارك الاستبيانات، بنسبة استجابة بلغت 54.1%. تراوحت أعمار المشاركين بين 8 و18 عامًا، وكانوا قد شُخِّصوا بالسرطان، ودخلوا أقسام أورام/أمراض دم الأطفال، أو ترددوا على العيادات الخارجية في مستشفى النجاح الجامعي الوطني/نابلس، ومستشفى الاستشاري/رام الله، ومستشفى بيت جالا/بيت لحم. من بين المشاركين، أكمل 72% من الأطفال المصابين بالسرطان الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 8 و18 عامًا النسخة العربية من وحدة السرطان في مقياس PedsQL 3.0، بينما أكمل 28% من الأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 13 و18 عامًا كلاً من النسخة العربية من وحدة السرطان في مقياس PedsQL 3.0 والنسخة العربية من مقياس SOC-13. امتدت فترة الدراسة من 15 أكتوبر 2024 إلى 16 ديسمبر 2025 نتائج الدراسة: أظهرت النتائج أن متوسط درجة مقياس جودة حياة الأطفال (PedsQL) بلغ 52.02 (بانحراف معياري 17.02)، مع انخفاض مستوى الحالة الصحية المُدركة ذاتيًا (SPHS). وسُجلت أعلى درجة في مجال التواصل (بمتوسط 67.96 ± 28.11)، بينما سُجلت أدنى درجة في مجالي القلق (بمتوسط 36.00 ± 29.02) والقلق الإجرائي (بمتوسط 36.62 ± 27.68). كما بلغ متوسط درجة الشعور بالتماسك (SOC) 55.02 (بانحراف معياري 12.27)، وكان لدى 76.8% من المشاركين مستوى منخفض من الشعور بالتماسك. أما فيما يخص مجالات الشعور بالتماسك، فقد بلغت الدرجات 19.54 ± 6.78 من 35 في مجال الفهم، و17.59 ± 3.86 من 28 في مجال القدرة على الإدارة، و17.89 ± 4.61 من 28 في مجال المعنى. بخلاف ذلك، يُظهر التحليل الإحصائي وجود علاقة ارتباطية ذات دلالة إحصائية بين الحالة الصحية المُدركة ذاتيًا (SPHS) والشعور بالتماسك (SOC) بمعامل ارتباط (r) يساوي 0.490 وقيمة احتمالية (P) أقل من 0.01. وهذا يعني أن ارتفاع مستوى الشعور بالتماسك (SOC) يشير إلى ارتفاع الحالة الصحية المُدركة ذاتيًا (SPHS)، وبالتالي، القدرة على التكيف مع الضغوطات والتعايش مع السرطان. الاستنتاج: قد يؤثر الوضع السياسي في فلسطين سلبًا على الشعور بالتماسك لدى الأطفال عمومًا، وعلى المصابين بالسرطان تحديدًا، نظرًا لنقص الخدمات والأدوية، وصعوبة الوصول إلى الرعاية الصحية. يساعد تتبع الحالة الصحية المُدركة ذاتيًا والشعور بالتماسك على فهم تأثير هذه المعوقات، ويدعم مقدمي الرعاية في تطوير تدخلات أكثر فعالية لتحسين جودة الرعاية والدعم المقدم لهؤلاء الأطفال. باختصار، يُعد الشعور بالتماسك مفهومًا أساسيًا يؤثر على الحالة الصحية المُدركة ذاتيًا لدى الأطفال المصابين بالسرطان. وهذا يدل على أن الجانب النفسي لدى الأطفال لا يقل أهمية عن الجانب الطبي.
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Risk Factors of Domestic Violence Among Pregnant Women and Its Effect on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bethlehem and Hebron Areas
(Al-Quds Univeersity, 2025-12-20) Shahd Issam Ahmad Ashour; شهد عاشور
Introduction: Domestic violence refers to physical, sexual, or psychological abuse inflicted by one spouse or partner upon the other, with women constituting the majority of victims (Rakovec-Felser, 2014). In 2002, the WHO recognized domestic violence as a public health crisis due to its significant impact on the well-being of victims and its associated societal implications. Approximately 30% of women globally face physical or psychological violence during marriage, with heightened risks during pregnancy, affecting both maternal and fetal health (WHO, 2024). During pregnancy, victims may experience adverse outcomes like miscarriage and preterm labor (Ayele et al., 2023). In the Palestinian Territories, about 29% of women are impacted with a prevalence of 24% in the West Bank (OCHA, 2019), reinforcing the need for focused intervention. Various predictors of pregnancy-related domestic violence include low education, history of violence, and socioeconomic status (Mahapatro et al., 2022). International studies back the negative consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) on pregnancy, including increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight. Despite existing research, gaps remain in understanding the specifics within Palestinian society. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of domestic violence, identify the risk factors among pregnant women and its effects on maternal and fetal outcomes in the Bethlehem44 and Hebron areas. Methodology: This study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted in seven governmental and private hospitals and clinics in the Hebron and Bethlehem districts. The sample included 360 mothers who delivered, and the data was collected from them within six weeks postpartum. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Al-Quds University (part of this questionnaire was designed by me based on the results of previous studies, and the section measuring violence used an existing, validated, and used Revised Conflict Tactics Scale previously employed in several studies), along with permissions from the Palestinian Ministry of Health and the administrations of private hospitals. Verbal consent was also obtained from all participating mothers. The data collection process lasted approximately four months, and the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Results: About one-third of women (33.4%) reported exposure to domestic violence, with psychological violence being the most prevalent form. Lower educational level and having a middle-aged or older husband were associated with a higher likelihood of violence. Exposure to violence was significantly associated with psychological distress, including anxiety, stress, and PTSD. Pregnancy complications and psychological symptoms were common, particularly infections, hyperemesis, stress, and severe anxiety. Adverse fetal outcomes, such as low birth weight and preterm birth, were frequently reported, and many newborns required special medical care. Conclusions: This study highlights that domestic violence during pregnancy is a common problem in the Southern West Bank, with psychological violence being the most prevalent form. Lower maternal educational level and having an older husband were identified as significant risk factors for exposure to domestic violence. Exposure to violence was significantly associated with adverse maternal psychological outcomes, including anxiety, stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Pregnancy-related complications were also frequently reported among exposed women. In terms of fetal outcomes, domestic violence was associated with adverse outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth, and a considerable proportion of newborns required special medical care. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of addressing educational and social risk factors and integrating mental health screening and support into antenatal care services. المقدمة: يشير العنف المنزلي إلى الإساءة الجسدية أو الجنسية أو النفسية التي يرتكبها أحد الزوجين أو الشريكين ضد الآخر، حيث تشكل النساء غالبية الضحايا (راكوفيتش-فيلسر، 2014). في عام 2002، اعترفت منظمة الصحة العالمية بالعنف المنزلي كأزمة صحية عامة نظرًا لتأثيره الكبير على رفاهية الضحايا وتداعياته المجتمعية المرتبطة به. ووفقًا لمنظمة الصحة العالمية 2024، تتعرض حوالي 30% من النساء حول العالم لشكل من أشكال العنف الجسدي أو النفسي خلال حياتهن الزوجية، مع ارتفاع خطر التعرض له أثناء الحمل. حيث تُعد هذه الفترة مرحلة حرجة في حياة المرأة، وبالتالي يمكن أن يكون للعنف المنزلي، آثار عميقة على صحة الأم والجنين. ووفقًا لمنظمة الصحة العالمية 2024، تتعرض حوالي 30% من النساء عالميًا عنفًا جسديًا أو نفسيًا أثناء الزواج، مع تزايد المخاطر أثناء الحمل، مما يؤثر على صحة الأم والجنين (منظمة الصحة العالمية، 2024). خلال فترة الحمل، قد تتعرض الضحايا لعواقب وخيمة مثل الإجهاض والولادة المبكرة (أيلي وآخرون، 2023). كما أن الأراضي الفلسطينية، تتأثر حوالي 29% من النساء تحديدا تبلغ نسبة انتشاره 24% في الضفة الغربية (مكتب تنسيق الشؤون الإنسانية، 2019) وهي نسبة كبيرة، مما يعزز الحاجة إلى تدخل مُركز. تشمل العوامل المُتنبئة المختلفة للعنف المنزلي المرتبط بالحمل (انخفاض مستوى التعليم، وتاريخ العنف، والوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي (ماهاباترو وآخرون، 2022). كما تؤكد الدراسات الدولية الآثار السلبية لعنف الشريك الحميم على الحمل، بما في ذلك زيادة مخاطر الولادة المبكرة وانخفاض وزن المولود. ورغم وجود أبحاث، لا تزال هناك فجوات في فهم تفاصيل المجتمع الفلسطيني. وبالتالي تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى استكشاف هذه العوامل في منطقتي بيت لحم والخليل، وآثارها على صحة الأم والجنين، بهدف تحسين الدعم المقدم للنساء المتضررات. الهدف: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد وتحليل عوامل الخطر المرتبطة بالعنف الأسري بين النساء الحوامل وآثارها على النتائج الأمومية والجنينية في منطقتي بيت لحم والخليل. المنهجية: استخدمت هذه الدراسة تصميمًا مقطعيًا، وأُجريت في سبعة المستشفيات وعيادات الحكومية والخاصة في محافظتي الخليل وبيت لحم. بلغ حجم العينة 360 أٌمًا أنجبن، وجُمعت البيانات منهن في غضون ستة أسابيع بعد الولادة. جُمعت البيانات باستخدام أداة الاستبيان التي تم التحقق من صلاحيتها وموثوقيتها حيث صممتُ جزءًا من هذا الاستبيان بناءً على نتائج دراسات سابقة، كما تم الحصول على الموافقة الأخلاقية من لجنة الأخلاقيات في جامعة القدس، إضافةً إلى الحصول على إذن من وزارة الصحة الفلسطينية وإدارات المستشفيات الخاصة، وكذلك الموافقة الشفوية من جميع الأمهات المشاركات في الدراسة. استمرت فترة جمع البيانات نحو أربعة أشهر، وتم تحليلها باستخدام الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS) الإصدار 27. النتائج: أفادت نحو ثلث النساء (33.4%) بتعرضهن للعنف الأسري، وكان العنف النفسي هو الشكل الأكثر شيوعًا. وارتبط انخفاض المستوى التعليمي وكون الزوج في منتصف العمر أو أكبر بزيادة احتمالية التعرض للعنف. كما وُجد ارتباط ذو دلالة إحصائية بين التعرض للعنف والاضطرابات النفسية، بما في ذلك القلق، والتوتر، واضطراب ما بعد الصدمة. وكانت مضاعفات الحمل والأعراض النفسية شائعة بين المشاركات، خاصة الالتهابات، والقيء الحملي الشديد، والتوتر، والقلق الشديد. كما تم الإبلاغ بشكل متكرر عن نتائج جنينية سلبية، مثل انخفاض وزن المولود والولادة المبكرة، مع حاجة عدد كبير من حديثي الولادة إلى رعاية طبية خاصة. الخلاصة: تُظهر هذه الدراسة أن العنف الأسري أثناء الحمل يُعد مشكلة شائعة في جنوب الضفة الغربية، حيث كان العنف النفسي هو الشكل الأكثر انتشارًا. وقد تم تحديد انخفاض المستوى التعليمي للأم وكون الزوج أكبر سنًا كعوامل خطورة مهمة للتعرض للعنف الأسري. كما ارتبط التعرض للعنف بآثار نفسية سلبية على الأم، بما في ذلك القلق، والتوتر، واضطراب ما بعد الصدمة. إضافةً إلى ذلك، كانت مضاعفات الحمل شائعة بين النساء المتعرضات للعنف. وعلى صعيد النتائج الجنينية، ارتبط العنف الأسري بحدوث نتائج سلبية مثل انخفاض وزن المولود والولادة المبكرة، مع حاجة نسبة ملحوظة من حديثي الولادة إلى رعاية طبية خاصة. وتؤكد هذه النتائج أهمية معالجة العوامل التعليمية والاجتماعية المرتبطة بالعنف، ودمج فحوصات الصحة النفسية والدعم النفسي ضمن خدمات رعاية الحوامل.