Vol 2 No.1
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- ItemMeasurement of Arden Ratio for Diagnosing Hereditary Retinal Diseases Using EOG System(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) AL-Khalaylah, Mariam; Qawasma, RamziAbstract: The project helps ophthalmologists to provide a correct diagnosis for hereditary retinal diseases that affect the eyes, which are transmitted between generations in a single-family. The project aims to build & implement an EOG system for recording EOG signals in order to diagnose the Best Vitelliform macular dystrophy (BEST Disease). The EOG system contains different stages of processing and conditioning circuits to obtain the required signal. The recorded signal in light and dark adaptation was transmitted to a computer using DAQ, for further processing using specially designed algorithms in LabVIEW software, for both light and dark adaptation, to calculate the average of the value of EOG signal in each minute recording is calculated and then the smoothed light to dark ratio curve is plotted. Background: “ISCEV Standard for Clinical Electro-oculography (EOG) 2006”. The clinical electrooculogram (EOG) is a test of the function of the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in which the change in the electrical potential between the cornea and the ocular fundus is recorded during successive periods of dark and light adaptation. Objectives: • Design and implementation of EOG system for recording EOG signals. • Connect the designed system with LabVIEW software for signal processing. • Calculate the Arden Ratio by LabVIEW for diagnosing eye diseases. Methods: several stages of theoretical calculations, electrical design, and software application. Several stages of calculation are done in order to choose the appropriate value electrical components circuit. Then shows the connections between the project components of (electrical circuit, myDAQ, computer, labVIEW). In addition, the electrical design simulated using MULTISIM program. myDAQ hardware acts as the interface between a computer and the design. LabVIEW will be used for signal processing, plot the Light-Dark curve, calculate and display the Arden Ratio and diagnosing retinal disease. Results: Calculate the average of saccadic eye movement during one minute along 30 minutes, and then plot Arden curve. The Arden ratio is then calculated by dividing the light peak over the dark trough of the smoothed light to dark curve, when the size of the light peak is compared to the dark trough the relative size should be about 2:1 or greater in normal conditions. A light / dark ratio of less than about 1.5 is considered abnormal. Conclusions: - The project helps ophthalmologists to provide correct diagnosis for hereditary retinal diseases that affect the eyes, which is important for giving the best treatment for the patient. - The device also has light weight, so it can be used easily and everywhere. - This system combined between efficiency and efficiency, since it uses LabVIEW software
- ItemDevelopment of an In-House Indirect ELISA Kit for Detection and Identification of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Antibodies(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Maraqa, Deema; Abu Rmaileh, Hidaya; Hoshiyah, Islam; Rasheed, Ameena; Abu Ghazaleh, RobinInfectious bronchitis virus is fatal and highly contagious. Despite the vaccination of industrialized poultry, it causes serious losses in commercial poultry worldwide. Several studies proved that ELISA is more accurate, sensitive, rapid and less technically demanding than Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test when used to detect antibody titers against IBV. However, commercial ELISA kits against IBV are very expensive. The development of an in-house indirect ELISA kit will be challenging to standardized but offer the potential of providing a cost-effective tool for local vaccine efficacy testing that will be easier to use than HI testing. The setup of an in-house indirect ELISA will go through several main stages. Firstly, antigen production will rely upon obtaining the virus from a live vaccine, which will then be inoculated in eggs allantoic fluid in order to get a large amount of NDV. Secondly, purification and quantification steps will be done and verified by Haemagglutination test, spectrophotometry and SDS-PAGE. After validation of antigen preparation, ELISA plates will be coated with antigens and tested using serial diluted serum samples. In sucrose gradient purification, purified virus band is expected to form between 40%-50% sucrose gradient. According to literatures, we expect to have roughly 6 polypeptides with molecular weight ranged from 12 KDa to 160 KDaas a result of SDS-PAGE. Moreover, we predict to have a highly sensitive and specific indirect ELISA kit for the detection of IBV infection.
- ItemManagement of Burns in Gaza-Strip A Multi-center Clinical Audit(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Aldaya, Haneen Younis; Abu Jamie, Najlaa; Abu Shammala, Haneen; AL-Bashiti, Suzan; shaheen, Hala; Alazar, Ameera; Hammad, Motaz; Ghunim, Mohammed; Al Moghrabi, Ahmed; Bottcher, BettinaA combined prospective and retrospective study was conducted in the ERs of Al-Shifa, Nasser Medical Complex and European Gaza hospitals. Two structured questionnaires were used to collect the management of burn according to the Palestinian management protocol. This study found that from the 147 cases that came to the ER, 37.6% underwent ABCDE approach and 87.8% (n=129/147) received sterile dressings. Background: Burns is a global public health problem and appropriate intervention will decrease morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the management of burns in the emergency room (ER), burns units and intensive care units (ICU) of the Gaza-Strip. Objectives: To evaluate the management of burns in the ER, burns unit and ICU in terms of following ABCDE approach, using sterile dressings, giving fluid resuscitation, antibiotics, ranitidine and undergoing physiotherapy. Methods: A prospective study evaluated the management of patients presenting with burns injuries to the ER between the period 22nd July to 20 August 2018, and retrospectively, management of patients was evaluated, who were admitted to the burns units and to ICU between 1st January 2017 and 30th July 2018 at Al-Shifa Hospital and Nasser Medical Complex. The Palestinian management protocol was used for evaluation. A total of 428 patients were identified to have burns injuries during the study period. Of these, 142 were excluded, 108 due to missing files and 34 files had poor documentation (no documentation of medication or assessments). Included were 147 patients admitted to ER, 122 on the burns unit and 17 on the ICU. Results: In the ER, 57.1% (n=84/147) of patients were male, with a mean age of 15.4±14.1. Of the 147 cases, 17.7% (n=26/147) were major burns, which included more than 10% total body surface area burned (TBSA). Of these, 37.6% underwent ABCDE approach and 87.8% (n=129/147) received sterile dressings. From the 122 patients admitted to the burns unit, 59.8% (n=73) were male with a mean age of 11.4±14.6 years. From these, 47.5% (n=58/122) underwent fluid resuscitation, 97.5% (n=119/122) received antibiotics, 17.2% (n=21/122) received ranitidine and 56.6% (n=69/122) underwent physiotherapy. Out of the 17 patients admitted to ICU, 76.5% (n=13/17) were male, with a mean age of 19.2±12.8 years. All of these patients received prophylactic antibiotics, 58.8% (n=10/17) had endotracheal intubation, 5.9% (n=1/17) underwent central venous pressure measurement (CVP), 23.5% (n=4/17) had ABG tested and 88.2% (n=15/17) kidney function tests (KFT), and 64.7% (n=11/17) received ranitidine. No patient had a chest X-Ray (CXR) or carbon monoxide (CO) level done. From the ICU patients, 17.6% (n=3/17) benefitted from physiotherapy, and 35.3% (n=6/17) Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate poor adherence to guidelines in some points, such as patients presenting with major burns, who should all benefit from the ABCDE approach, but less than 40% of patients actually did and antibiotics, which should only be prescribed when indicated, were given to nearly all patients admitted to the burns unit or ICU. Efforts are required to improve staff practices with burn injuries.
- ItemEmotional Intelligence Among Medical Students in Palestine A Cross-Sectional Study(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Ewaiwi, Bashair Imad; Hijazi, Bassel Yaser; Attiyeh, Rania Khaleel; Niroukh, Effat Ayman; Adawi, Samer Osama; Al-Qaissi, Heba Saleem; Faris, Khaled Jamal; Darras, Osama Majed; Zuhour, Afnan Ibraheem; Khalil, Nabil Carlo Nabil; Hammad, Shorouq Yosef; Al-Masri, Tabark Abd Al-Raheem; Hallak, HussienBackground: Emotional intelligence (EI) is defined as a pro-social behavior that deals with recognizing, understanding, influencing and managing our own and other’s emotions. In medical education and clinical practice, EI has been related to improves the doctor-patient relationship. Objectives: Measure EI among Palestinian medical students in two stages of their studies, clinical and basic sciences, and assessing the factors that may affect it. Moreover, compare medical students of Al-Quds and Al-Najah Universities regarding EI score and detect possible differences. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based, online survey was conducted among 692 medical students in Al-Quds and Al-Najah universities in Palestine. Emotional intelligence was evaluated using a 33-item scale as an index introduced by Schutte et al. (1998). Data was analyzed in a quantitative manner using SPSS (VER.20). Results: 745 students filled the questionnaire with a response rate of 92.88%. A total of 692 were sampled which were representative of the student population. The mean score of EI is 3.83 PalStudent Journal Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed tothe mentioned authors at the mentioned institutes. Copyright © 2020 Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research. All rights reserved. E-mail: research@admin.alquds.edu Palestine, Abu Dis, Al-Quds University (SD=0.41) out of a maximum possible score of 5 with 69.1% of the sample having high EI. Statistics showed that EI decreased significantly at α≤0.05 among basic and clinical stages of study with a negative correlation between EI and academic year (PCC= -0.086). This indicates that as the academic year increases, EI decreases (p=0.023). Moreover, EI is affected significantly at α≤0.05 in a positive manner by having a hobby or doing extracurricular activities. In addition, students who indicate they always regret studying medicine tend to relate to lower EI, this may reflect the lack of interest to study this field. Conclusion: Medical students, both male and female, have a relatively high level of emotional intelligence in the universities that were studied. Students in the clinical stage have lower EI than basic sciences medical students, which indicates that students have a conflict between objectivity and humanity while training clinically. Therefore, emotional support during clinical years would serve in improving EI. Moreover, EI is affected by having a hobby or extracurricular activities, indicating that EI can be modulated through the encouragement of such activities.
- ItemSpatio-Temporal Analysis for LanduseLandcover in Bethlehem District Using Remote Sensing and GIS(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Hrenat, Hala; ِAbuseba’a, Shurooq; Abu Rajab, NidalThe aim of this project is to make a comprehensive study to find solutions for spatial issues in Bethlehem, such as the situation of natural reserves, the situation of roads, the spatial analysis for schools and facilities locations, the expansion of urban areas. The data was collected from satellite imagery (Landsat from USGS Earth Explorer, Sentinel from ESA Open Access Hup, and municipalities), facilities locations (schools, dumping sites, and hospitals), as well as Aerial photos. The data of satellite imagery were classified according to Corrine classifications, and then analyzed the current facilities of Bethlehem District. Spatial analysis was conducted to suggest new facility locations, and centerlines of roads were digitized from aerial photos and were analyzed to suggest new roads location. In the end, the results showed that there was a big growth of urban areas, shrinkage of the natural reserves areas, and an expansion of the Israeli settlements during the years (1987, 2002, 2013, 2015, 2018). The researchers suggest new places for roads and facilities (such as schools, and dumping sites).
- Itemتأثير القلق من امتحان الرياضيات على التحصيل الأكاديمي لدى طالبات مدرسة بنات حارس الثانوية(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) قاسم, دانا; شملاوي, هديل; موقدي, كوكبهدف البحث إلى تقليل قلق الامتحان في مادة الرياضيات لدى طالبات مدرسة بنات حارس الثانوية وتحسين مستوى تحصيل الطالبات. ولتحقيق أهداف البحث طورت الباحثتان استبانة مكونة من 32 فقرة تعبر عن مشاعر الطالبة واتجاهاتها قبل وأثناء اختبار الرياضيات لتقيس قلق الاختبار، وامتحان قبلي وبعدي، وملاحظة أداء طالبات العينة خلال الحصص. تم اختيار عينة من مدرسة بنات حارس الثانوية بطريقة العينة العشوائية الطبقية حيث تكونت عينة البحث من 74 طالبة من طالبات الصف الخامس إلى الصف الحادي عشر العلمي والأدبي، وتم استخدام المنهج الإجرائي في هذا البحث. أما واستخدام برنامج الرزم الاحصائي SPSS تحليل الاستبانة، فقد خضعت العينة إلى برنامج إرشادي بالتعاون مع المرشدة، بالإضافة إلى استراتيجيات تدريس تم تحديدها في البحث بالتعاون مع معلمات الرياضيات، كما أن طالبات الصف الحادي عشر علمي قاموا بتدريس طالبات العينة باستخدام تعليم الأقران. أظهرت نتائج البحث أن تنويع استراتيجيات التدريس يؤثر على تحصيل الطالبات في المدرسة بشكل إيجابي، وأن هناك علاقة إحصائية عكسية بين التحصيل والقلق، وأن العلاقة غير دالة إحصائيًا بين قلق الاختبار والبرنامج الإرشادي المتبع في البحث إلا أن هذا البرنامج الارشادي كان له أثر ملحوظ في تصرف الطالبات قبل وأثناء الاختبار حيث لوحظ أن طالبات العينة تأثرت من خلال أداء تمارين الاسترخاء والحديث بإيجابية عن الاختبار، وبناء على نتائج البحث تم تقديم توصيات خاصة لتقليل قلق اختبار الرياضيات ورفع التحصيل الأكاديمي لطالبات مدرسة بنات حارس الثانوية.
- Itemدور التطبيق الذكي( Healthy Buddy) من تخفيف معاناة مرضى حمى البحر الأبيض المتوسط(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) الجنيدي, همام أشرف شاكر; عمرو, تيسيريهدف التطبيق الذكي (healthy buddy) إلى المساهمة في دعم مرضى حمّى البحر الأبيض المتوسط، ويساهم في زيادة الوعي نحو هذا المرض في المجتمع، ويساعد في حلّ مشكلات المرضى وتغيير حياتهم نحو الأفضل من خلال مراقبة نوبات الحمى وتدوينها في السجل الإلكتروني الخاص بالمريض، والذي يمكن متابعته من قبل مركز الدعم التطوعي من الأطباء من خلال الصفحة الخاصة بالمريض في التطبيق. تكونت عينة البحث من 10 أشخاص مصابين بحمى البحر الأبيض المتوسط من مدينة الخليل، واستخدم الباحث أدوات البحث الاستبانة، والمقابلات مع الأطباء والمرضى والاهل، وقد أظهرت نتائج البحث أن 92% من أفراد العينة يؤيدون فكرة التطبيق وأهميته في متابعة المرضى. وقد تم تجربة المشروع على ثلاثة متطوعين من مرضى FMF. يوصي البحث بتطوير المشروع في حال وجود خطر على حياة المريض أن يقوم بإرسال إشارات ورسائل تنبيه إلى الاهل ومراكز الدعم التطوعي من الأطباء والمتخصصين لعمل اللازم للمريض والتخفيف من معاناته.
- ItemQuality of Pain Relief Provided in the Emergency Room (ER) for Patients with Acute Abdominal Pain A Prospective Clinical Audit(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Abu Shammala, Haneen; El-Bari, Duha Abed; Abu Nasser, Eman; Othman, Huda; Abo Alkomboz, Tasneem; Kawrea, Rola; Ishtiawi, Nada; Al Naqeeb, Esraa; Jamie, Najlaa; Bottcher, BettinaA prospective study was conducted in the ERs of Al-Shifa, Indonesian and European Gaza hospitals, a structured questionnaire was used to collect characteristics of pain and its management. Pain intensity was recorded at different intervals using a 10-point numerical rating scale. This study found that patients attended to ER with a mean pain score of 8.3±1.4 and they left with a mean pain score of 4.6±3.5. burns. Background: Acute abdominal pain is the most common cause of surgical consultations in the ER and the most common cause of non-trauma related admissions. Little is known about pain management in Gaza Strip hospitals. Therefore, this study assesses whether patients presenting with acute abdominal pain received adequate analgesia, compared to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine Guidelines. Objectives: To assess pain management in the ER in terms of the prescription practice of pain-relieving medications, pain progression from arrival till disposition and adequacy of analgesics provided. Methodology: A prospective-observational study was conducted in the ERs of three Gaza Strip hospitals, representing three distinct geographical areas, from 30th July till 30th August. All Patients above 18 years old, presented to the ER with acute abdominal pain, with no history of analgesia intake before their hospital visit were included. Data was collected by nine trained interviewers through a structured questionnaire. Pain was quantified by the patients by a 10-point numerical rating scale. This was done on arrival as well as at 30 and 60 minutes after receipt of analgesia and at discharge. Verbal consent was obtained from the patients. Approval had been obtained from the Directorate General of Human Resources Development before data collection. Data were analyzed via SPSS and are presented as mean scores ± standard deviations as well as in total numbers and percentages. Results: A total of 157 patients were included, 77 (49%) were males and the mean age was 39.8+15.4 years. Furthermore, 78 (49.7%) were from Hospital A, 52 (33.1%) from Hospital B and 27 (17.2%) from Hospital C. The sample included 100 (63.7%) patients with a provisional diagnosis of renal colic, 17 (10.8%) with biliary colic, 13 (8.3%) with appendicitis, 9 (5.7%) with intestinal obstruction and 18 (11.4%) other diagnoses. A total of 29 patients (18.5%) did not receive any analgesia in the ER. Of the 128 patients (81.5%), who received analgesics, 115 (89.8%) had non-steroidals while 13 (10.1%) received opioids. Opioids were adequately titrated in all patients and no circulatory instability occurred. The mean pain score on arrival was 8.3±1.4, while it was 7.1±3.6 30 minutes later, 6.6±4.2 after 60 minutes and 4.6±3.5 on discharge. Conclusion: Although pain relief was given and experienced pain decreased for most patients, but only seven patients (4.4%) were completely pain-free on discharge. Generally, patients with intense pain were quickly given analgesics. Hence, efforts should be focused on patients suffering moderate or mild pain to also receive adequate pain relief in the ER. Agreed local guidelines and training of staff could also facilitate this process.
- ItemProtect Your Children from Using Smartphones(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Mohammad, Hiba Issa; Ibrahim, Najwan TahaAbstract: The aim of this study is to shed light on the phenomenon of children under the age of five using smartphones in the area of Bethlehem, and to study its negative impacts on them from the perspective of parents. A programmed application has also been downloaded on parents’ phones to help them solve this problem. The study population consists of 94 individuals who filled questionnaires and 30% of them downloaded the researcher application and filled an evaluation form. The results indicated that this phenomenon is very prevalent in the region and most children spend more than two hours on the phone daily. Besides, most of the parents are worried and not satisfied with their children’s behavior and agreed that this phenomenon has negative effects on the physical, social and mental aspects of the children and that many of their children have reached the point of addiction. The application prepared faced a noticeable acceptance from the parents. This study recommends that parents need to limit children’s extensive use of mobiles and should be more assertive in this matter. Background: Several studies have tried to reveal the extent of this phenomenon and its negative effects on children. Some studies have found that many children spend long hours on smartphones and tablets to the point of reaching addiction, so it becomes difficult to keep them away from phones. Objectives: The aim of this study is to shed light on the phenomenon of children using smart phones in Bethlehem, and to study the extent of its negative impacts on them. Methods: The descriptive analytical method was followed; 94 questionnaires were filled by the parents to study the extent of this phenomenon in and its effects.A programmed application was downloaded on 30 devices of the participants and has been tried for about two weeks. Another questionnaire was filled to evaluate application success in solving the problem, the two forms were analyzed using the SPSS . Results: 1-The studied phenomenon is very prevalent, and most children spend more than two hours on devices. Most of the parents are not satisfied with this and they wish but unable to solve it. 2- the parents agreed that this phenomenon has physical effects on the child, including sight problems, lethargy, laziness, insufficient sleep, etc. also it has social, psychological and moral problems such as isolation, lack of play with children, as it can teach the child violence, bullying, aggression, earning him nervousness, and selfishness. 3 - The prepared application has succeeded Conclusions: The studied phenomenon is very prevalent in the region, and many children have reached the point of addiction. This phenomenon has negative effects on the physical, social and mental aspects of the child. The prepared application has succeeded in solving this problem relatively, but it needs more future improvements.
- ItemA Comparative Study of Antipsychotic Drugs Use Among Psychiatric Patients in Palestine Quality of Life (QOL) and Long-acting Injectable (LAI) Assessment(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Sughaiar, Sarah; Alkurde, Basema; Zaro, Ibrahim; Ebido, Hamzeh; Shaheen, Muamarpast decade and were used mainly for long-term treatment of schizophrenia. However, their role in short term intermittent use and for other psychiatric conditions were not elucidated clearly. Objectives: To compare the quality-of-life improvement for patients on LAIs comparing to conventional treatment and whether the improvement was clinical or psychosocial in nature. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was run on psychiatric patients who are taking LAIs and/or conventional treatment at Mohammad Said Kamal hospital for mental illness in Bethlehem and Mental Health Clinic of The Ministry of Health in Hebron city from September 2019 to March 2020. GAF score was calculated for each patient among other mental scale scores such as CGI-S and DIEPSS to determine the quality of life and other aspects of improvement. Patients were categorized into LAIs-taking only or LAIs and conventional treatment groups. A previously used and standardized questionnaire with some modifications was used to collect information about relapse and enhancement of their status. Results: Fifty-one patients were included in this study, 74 % were males, age 30-89 years old (42% were 50-59 years old). Ten percent of patients only were on LAIs alone and the rest were taking a combination of both LAIs and conventional treatment. Patients' GAF scores ranged from 11-20 to 91-100 with a spectrum of patients on all GAF score scale range. Thirty-seven percent of patients fell in the GAF score 51-60; Moderate symptoms (flat affect and circumlocutory speech, occasional panic attacks) or moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning. Patients were taking one to six drugs at a time. There was a negative relationship between taking many drugs along with LAIs and scoring badly on GAF scale. One patient was on Haloperidol IM depot injection scored 91-100 on GAF and was stable and improving. The main reasons for substitution to LAIs from highest to lowest, were as follows; adherence (24 patients), no reason at all (14), patient dissatisfaction (7), adherence and patient dissatisfaction (3), then side effects, convenience (ease of use), and availability of the drug at the same level (1 patient each). Conclusions: Erratic drug supply especially during crises times (COVID-19) for crucial drugs such as LAIs plays a major role in adherence and prognosis of psychiatric conditions. Dealing with LAIs as emergency use only in some practices was the main reason for relapse and instability in psychiatric conditions and will affect social improvement.
- ItemPalestinian Prisoners and the Right to Health the Israeli Systematic Violations Against the Right to Health(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Mizher, Yazan; Terris, DanielThe idea of this research came as a result of the increasing number of health problems among the Palestinian prisoners, and as a result of the Israeli attempts in legitimizing the grave violations against Palestinian prisoners, since the Israeli government passed and ratified many laws that directly violate Palestinian prisoners' rights, and especially the right to health. This research aims to show the responsibility of Israel under international law, and how it tries to remove the legal status of the Palestinian prisoners. This project adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods to conduct the research since they complement each other for the various aspects of this research. In the qualitative approach, reports and international treaties will be used. As for quantitative, statistics and surveys from Addameer will be used. These surveys are filled by prisoners during the lawyers’ first visits, and they include direct specific questions about the ill-treatment, and torture that they might have/ might have not experienced. The methodological approach of this project includes: - 1) Analysis of the primary documents. 2) Primary source: Such as reports published by organizations and institutions. The reports would act as a database for the research, for they include statistics, laws, procedures, etc. 3) Analysis of the secondary sources: The secondary sources used in this research are books, journals, reports, and articles. 4) Interviews: The interviews will be held with former prisoners who have been detained in Israeli prisons, and with people who have experience with the mechanisms that Israel uses in the lawmaking process. This research is expected to conclude that Palestinian prisoners' right to health is deliberately violated by the prison administration and the Israeli judicial system. Also, it's expected that this research will explore how the judicial system in Israel deals with the grave violations of prisoners' right to health. The hypothesis of this research is trying to prove how the Israeli military and judicial system are biased and do not comply with the international treaties and agreements that Israel has signed and ratified. The significance of this research is to show how Palestinian prisoners' right to health is systematically violated, and what are the methods that Israel uses in its violation. The most challenging part of this research is to prove that Israeli violations are systematic.
- ItemThe Educational, Emotional and Physical Effects of Lock-Down Due to COVID-19 on Palestinian Students: A Cross-Sectional Study(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Amer, Saif; Hamad, Khalil; Idrees, Fatima; Almasri, Kamal; Kateeb, ElhamBackground: Corona-virus pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide. On March 5th, 2020, the first cases were identified in Palestine, and a partial lockdown including schools was imposed and then being followed by a total lockdown from March 22nd until May 26th. Students stayed home and switched to online learning, for almost two months with restrictions on many aspects of their lives. Therefore, this study aimed to explore how the lockdown related to the current pandemic impacted the lives of a convenient sample of Palestinian students. Methods: An online survey using google forms were sent out to a convenient sample of students participating in extracurricular programs offered by Al Nayzak Palestine, and Code Palestine. Fifteen questions asked about the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown imposed in the period between March 5th and May 26th on students’ physical activity, emotions, social relationships and education. Gender and grade level data were also collected. Parental consent was obtained for all participants. Results: One-hundred and four students completed the survey in September 2020. 39% were boys and 40% were in 11th grade, 30% in 9th grade and 24% were in 10th grade. Sixty-four percent did a little or no form of physical activity during this period and 61% increased their screen time due to gaming and online learning. Forty-two percent did not care about the Corina virus and 35% were worried, mainly because of the fear that their family may get infected. 30% reported that they had less contact with family and friends and 49% missed them very much during the lockdown. 30% percent thought that the current pandemic affected their learning a lot and 21% thought they should not go back to schools in person until the pandemic has completely gone away. Conclusion: Data from this survey suggests that there is a significant physical, emotional and educational impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students. Parents and teachers should be encouraged to discuss these major issues with students to address their challenges. Students’ opinions and feelings need to be addressed in any future plan of changing the learning format in response to the current pandemic worries.
- ItemAssessing Nutritional Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices and their Association with Body Mass Index Among a Group of Students at Al-Quds University(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Mansour, Iman; Njoom, Njood; Ghrayeb, Afnan; Agha, HazemBackground: Good nutrition is essential for the growth, development and maintenance of health throughout life. Beyond the negative impact, malnutrition has on socio-economic development, lack of sufficient foods and quality food undermines the quality of health and the wellness of the population of all ages. Development in nutrition science has continued to show a linkage between health and nutrition since the 20th-century discovery on the consequences of malnutrition. Objective: The main objective of the study was to assess the nutritional knowledge, attitude and practices and their association with body mass index among a group of students from Al- Quds University. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire given to a group of students from Al-Quds University. The questionnaire was designed based on earlier studies to meet the study objectives. The questions were translated into Arabic. The Inclusion criteria in this study included Bachelors's students from different faculties at Al-Quds University. The exclusion criteria included academic staff, pregnant and lactating females, higher studies students and administrative. The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Software (SPSS) version 20 using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. Results: Four hundred and nighty out of 500 distributed questionnaires were returned successfully. Over half (50.2%) of them were males. 66.3% of the participants had good nutritional knowledge, 61.8% had a positive attitude regarding healthy eating and 31.2% had good practices regarding healthy eating. The demographic character was not a significant predictor of nutritional attitude. However, there was a significant predictor between demographic character and nutritional knowledge and practices. There was a positive relationship at the level of significance p-value 0.005 or less and the alpha sign between attitude and practices, knowledge and attitude. Most of the students (53.35%) exhibited normal weight. Health professions and medical students had good nutritional knowledge compared to education science and business & economics students. Conclusion: The majority of the sample had good nutritional knowledge and practices. However, most of them shown a negative nutritional attitude regarding healthy eating. The university should develop a nutritional course to be taught as a university requirement course.
- ItemKnowledge, Attitude and Training Physiotherapist Palliative Care - Gaza Strip(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Alser, Amany M.; Darwish, Ahmed S.; Hussein, Khaled I.; Alabsi, Amani A.; Alastal, Heba M.; Sabbah, Lamees Z.; Sharaf, Fawzy; Naim, FadelBackground: Palliative care encompasses holistic management of patients and families facing life-threatening and life-limiting conditions. There is currently little known about Gaza strip physiotherapists’ palliative care knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, experience and training needs. Objectives: Palliative care rehabilitation has been positively associated with a high and prolonged level of independent function, which also reduces the burden on care providers(1,2). This study aimed to investigate the existing knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, training and experience of palliative care by physiotherapists working in Gaza strip. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study using a face to face questionnaire included sociodemographic data, physiotherapist’s knowledge, attitude experience and training (modified PTiPC-KABE Scale)(3), the study includes eight major hospitals in the Gaza-Strip. The sample size was 120 participants, 110 were included. SPSS (version 22 for Windows) for descriptive statistics, Chi-Square, Student's t and compare mean -tests were used for the statistical analysis. Results: The total number of respondents was 110(93.3%); male 45%,and females 55%.Years of experience Palliative care intends to hasten death was significant in (p = 0.017), Palliative care does not enhance quality of life (p = 0.117), I feel a sense of personal failure when a patient dies(p=0.035), Palliative care considers dying as a complicated process (p =0.026), Caring for dying patients is traumatic for me(p = 0.004), The provision of palliative care requires emotional detachment(p = 0.009), The physical environment of my workplace is ideal for providing palliative care and rehabilitation(p = 0.026), I am often exposed to death in my workplace(p = 0.034), Conclusions: Many of Gaza's physiotherapists perform in palliative care despite inadequate training and limited knowledge in this area. Further learning and training opportunities for graduates and postgraduate students are required for physiotherapists in palliative care.
- ItemAwareness, Perceptions and Beliefs About Physiotherapy Profession Among Orthopedists and Neurosurgeons Working in the Main Hospitals of the Ministry of Health in Gaza Strip(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Alnajjar, Omar O.; Abo Musabeh, Ahmed M.; Hussain, Khald I.; Al Qedra, Ismail K.; Hamdona, AbdallahBackground: - Healthcare professions have rapidly developed due to advancements in technology along with innovations over years, and Physiotherapists are considered as a key-member of collaborative inter-professional teams due to their broad scope of practice. - Increasing disabilities in Palestine due to occupation and other reasons, life expectancy and the special circumstances made it one of the most imperative socioeconomic medical issues in Gaza Strip. This emphasizes the need for the development and recognition of physiotherapy in multidisciplinary healthcare structures. - In order to deliver effective care, communication, cooperation and agreement between physicians and physiotherapist is essential. - If a physician were well informed about physiotherapy abilities in helping the treatments, prevent complications and decrease hospital stays, that would decrease the burden on the healthcare system. - Lack of knowledge about physiotherapy among medical professionals affects several aspects, including patients, the role of physiotherapy as a part of the healthcare teams, and the outcomes. Objectives: - The aim of the study was to identify awareness, perception and believes about physiotherapy among orthopedists and neurosurgeons. Methods: - A cross-sectional study was conducted between January – June 2019 at the three main hospitals of the Ministry of Health in Gaza Strip. The study population included Orthopedists and Neurosurgeons who work according to the settings. - The total collected samples were 67, and participants of the study were recruited through a Non-Probability convenience sample. - Data was collected through a questionnaire, that was designed in English, with four main parts, a total of 30 items, then data analysis using the (SPSS-V.22) and several statistical operations were done including Cross tabulation using chi-squarer with significance value was defined as p≤0.05. Results: - Results of this study showed that the awareness of orthopedists and neurosurgeons about physiotherapy was 95.5%. The study showed that 54.7% of these physicians received their knowledge through their studying. The study showed that 78.1% of physicians believe that the intervention of physiotherapy is in therapeutic exercises, while 57.8% believe that the biggest intervention is the use of electrical modalities, and 60.9% believe that it is manual therapy. The study found that 96.9% of physicians believe that physiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment plan for the patient. And 71.9% of the physicians believe that the physiotherapist has the right to return the patient to the physician due to misdiagnosis. The study indicated that 90.6% of physicians believe it is important to discuss the patient's discharge with a physiotherapist, and shocking result was that 95.3% of physicians say that they write on the referral what should a physiotherapist do to a patient, and that is a huge violation of the physiotherapists right of making their own decision. Conclusions: - There is a close association between orthopedists and neurosurgeons about physiotherapy. The study has shown that they have a clear awareness, perception and beliefs about physiotherapy. - This relationship should be supported and developed to provide the best possible treatment to patients.
- Itemبشأن قرار بقانون رقم ٣١ لسنة ٢٠١٨ بشأن الحماية والسلامة الطبية والصحية(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) زبن, حنين توفيق; زيد, جميلةأصدر هذا القرار بقانون الرئيس محمود عباس بتاريخ ١٢/٩/٢٠١٨، ويتكون هذا القرار من ثلاث وثلاثين مادة قانونية، بهدف أن ينظم العلاقة بين الطبيب والمريض والمؤسسة الطبية والصحية. ونظراً لأهمية مهنة الطب في حياة كل إنسان، تناولنا هذا القرار لمناقشته من الناحية القانونية وإبراز الضوء عليه حيث أنه يحمي الطبيب من أن يترتب عليه أي عقوبة على أي خطأ غير مقصود ويكفل لكل مريض تقديم خدمة طبية ممتازة بكل تفاني وإخلاص دون أي إهمال أو تقصير ويضمن لكل مريض مقاضاة كل من لا يلتزم بعمله وفق القوانين مما يعرضه للمساءلة القانونية. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو إلقاء الضوء على المسؤولية الطبية والقانونية بشقيها الجزائي والمدني الخاصة بالقانون. ومن المهم دراسة جوانب هذا القانون في ظل غياب المجلس التشريعي وعدم قيامه بدوره المنوط به، وضرورة حماية حقوق المرضى خاصة مع تزايد الخطاء الطبية في الآونة الأخيرة والتي أصبحت بحاجة ماسة إلى وقفة وقرار رسمي. وهنا يطرح السؤال في ظل القرار بقانون الجديد ما مصير الطبيب الذي تقدم بحقه دعوى جزائية، هل يحال إلى الحبس الاحتياطي ام يبقى على رأس عمله. ونتطرق في هذه الدراسة إلى تشكيل صندوق فلسطيني للتعويض عن الأخطاء الطبية، ما مصيره سيفعل ام يبقى حبرًا على ورق؟ هل يوجد توازن بين حقوق الأطباء وأصحاب المهن الصحية من جهة وحقوق المرضى والمتضررين من الأخطاء الطبية من جهة اخر. جانب اخر هو ضرورة دراسة مدى اهمية توفير البيئة الصحية المناسبة للطبيب والمرضى وتوفير كل ما يلزمهم في التقليل من الأخطاء الطبية وبناء عليه يتم محاسبة الطبيب على أخطائه. ودراسة ضرورية وجود نيابة خاصة للأطباء والتحقيق بأي خطأ يكون من خلالهم. ومن المهم الحديث عن حق المريض في سالمته وابعاد تأثير الاخطاء الطبية عليه، مع ضرورة ايجاد انظمة تحسين الجودة وسالمة المريض في مؤسسات الرعاية.
- Itemالآثار القانونية لصفقة القرن(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) سميح سعيد الشاعر, عرين; دقماق, نجاحكأن فلسطين موعودة بوعد وصفقة من عام 1917م إلى عام 2019م. المشهد يتكرر من لا يملك لمن لا يستحق، هذا الوعد الذي عمل على تهجير الفلسطينيين من أرضهم وتفريغ أوروبا من اليهود وحشدهم في فلسطين، واليوم تأتي صفقة القرن لتكمل المشهد الآخر بإنهاء القضية الفلسطينيّة، عندما أعلن الرئيس الأمريكي دونالد ترامب بأنّ القدس عاصمة لإسرائيل. تلك الصفقة التي تتناقض مع قرارات مجلس الأمن 242 و338، بحيث تنتهك المبادئ الأساسية للقانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان وهو حق تقرير المصير للشعب الفلسطيني، وذلك من أجل الاستيلاء الكامل على الأراضي الفلسطينية. ما يحتاجه الفلسطينيون هو أن يكون لهم الحق في حكم أنفسهم بأنفسهم وأن يكونوا قادرين على اختيار نظامهم السياسي ومستقبلهم بشكل حر، ولا يكون هذا الحق قابلًا للتطبيق إلا في حال استطاع الشعب الفلسطيني أن يعيش على أرضه الكاملة بصورة مستمرة غير متقطعة. وعليه، لا يمكن لأي شعب أن يقرر مصيره ما لم يكن على أرضه، بهدف إنشاء دولة ذات سيادة. وورد في العهد الدولي للحقوق المدنية والسياسية لعام 1966 أنّ للشعوب حق تقرير مصيرها بنفسها، وحرية في اختيار نظامها السياسي وحرية أيضاً بالتصرف بثرواتها ومواردها الطبيعية. وقد أشارت الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة في عدة قرارات صادرة عنها وعلى وجه الخصوص قرار حق العودة للاجئين رقم 194، وأقرنته بحق تقرير المصير على اعتبار أنه حق فردي ذو بعد جماعي. عملت صفقة القرن نهائيًا على إسقاط حق العودة وضربت قرارات الشرعية الدولية التي اعترفت بحق الشعب الفلسطيني في تقرير مصيره في عشرات القرارات بعرض الحائط، منها قرار 3089 (د-28) الصادر بتاريخ 7/12/1973، وقرار 3236 (د-29) الصادر بتاريخ 22/11/1974 وغيرهما من القرارات ذات الصلة التي تصدر سنويًا عن الجمعية العامة، ناهيكم عن محكمة العدل الدولية في رأيها الاستشاري بخصوص الجدار معتبرة أنّ حقّ الشّعب الفلسطينيّ في تقرير مصيره يشكل التزامًا على عاتق الدول أعضاء المجتمع الدولي كافة، ويتعين عليهم احترامه. اهمية البحث والخلفية عنه الأهمية النظرية: يأتي البحث للتركيز على نقاط التشابه ما بين وعد بلفور وصفقة القرن ومدى تأثيرهما على تصفية القضية الفلسطينية بالتناوب من حيث تسليط الضوء على القرارات والسياسات العدوانية الخبيئة التي ذات المخطط المنهج لتصفية القضية الفلسطينية من قبل الولايات المتحدة وإسرائيل دون أي اعتبار لقرارات الشرعية الدولية، لأنّ العالم اليوم يحكم بقانون القوة وليس بقوة القانون. الأهمية العملية: هذا البحث يتناول قضية مصير شعب بأكمله، حق العودة وحق تقرير المصير وإقامة الدولة المستقلة وعاصمتها القدس، بحيث يعكس البحث الانتهاكات الاسرائيلية المترتبة على هذه الصفقة في محاولة لزيادة الاستيطان والضم وصولا إلى حلول حول مستقبل القضية الفلسطينية . أهداف البحث 1-العمل على ايجاد طريقة لمواجهة هذه التحديات العصيبة التي يمر بها شعبنا الفلسطيني من حراك على كافة المستويات الدولية والاقليمية والمحلية . 2_وضع القدس كقضية مركزية ورئيسية أثناء المباحثات وليس مؤجله كما في اتفاقية أوسلو باعتبارها عاصمة لفلسطين. 3-التركيز على الجامعات بالاهتمام بالرواية الفلسطينية حول القدس، ووجهة نظر القانون الدولي من خلال البحوث والمساقات ذات الصلة بحق العودة وتقرير المصير كمساق حقوق الانسان. 4-لحمة الشعب الفلسطيني في كل مكان قوة، فإنهاء الانقسام ما بين شطري الوطن، يرتب سياسات قوة ورعب ويعيد الاعتبار لشعبنا بالوحدة نبني وطن. أساليب البحث: استخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، بهدف وصف لتلك المشكلة العالقة منذ أكثر من سبعين عاما للوصول لدلائل وبراهين لوضع إطار لحلول لها، اي الخروج بتوصيات واقتراحات. النتائج: اعادة تفعيل الرأي الافتائي لمحكمة العدل الدولية التي أشارت إلى انطباق القانون الدولي الانساني والقانون الدولي لحقوق الانسان على الأراضي المحتلة. 2-محاكمة دولة الاحتلال عن جرائمها التي اقترفت بحق أبناء الشعب الفلسطيني وعلى وجه الخصوص الجريمة الدولية الأخيرة صفقة القرن، حيث تنعقد المسؤولية الدولية للمحتل لمخالفتها لقرارت الشرعية الدولية . الاستنتاجات و التوصيات: 1- توحيد المصطلحات الاعلامية وتعميمها، حيث يتم استخدام المصطلحات الصحيحة في أماكنها الصحيحة. 2- تخصيص زواية مرئية و/أو مسموعة و/ أو مقروءة للحديث عن عدم شرعية صفقة القرن ونخالفتها لقرارات الشرعية الدولية فيما يتعلق بحق العودة وحق تقرير المصير. 3- إنهاء الانقسام وإاهدة اللحكة بين شطري الوطن، لمواجهة عدوان غاصب واحتلال أخذ شكل الاستعمار . 4- رصد دعم مالي من قبل الدول العربية للتعريف بالقدس وبقضية فلسطين وما يجري من تهويد لها من خلال انتاج افلام وثائقية مترجمة و/ أو عربية وتقارير مصورة وقصص انسانية، وأفلام لانتهاكات ممنهجة داخل اسوار القدس تتعلق بحقوق المواطن المقدسي. 5- اعتماد منهج قانوني وآخر تاريخي للتركيز على القدس في الجامعات ناهيكم عن تشجيع الباحثين على البحث العلمي لنشرها بالدراسات المقدسية في جامعة القدس. الكلمات المفتاحية: صفقة القرن, قانون , قرار, دولي ,القدس, اللاجئين ,حقوق , اتفاقيات ,معاهدات العاصمه , الجمعية العامه ,الشعب الفلسطيني , اتفاقية جنيف الرابعة ,مجلس الامن , شرعنه المستوطنات ,الموقف الدولي والعربي). اشكالية البحث تتمحور اشكالية البحث فيما يلي: هل الصفقة جاءت لتجريد الشعب من حقوقه المشروعه، لانهاء القضية الفلسطينية وتشريع الاستيطان والضم ؟ ويتفرع عنها الأسئلة التالية: 1- هل الصفقة تأقيتها للضغط على السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية لاغلاق ملفها أمام المحكمة الجنائية الدولية وايضا محكمة العدل الدولية؟ 2- أين المجتمع الدولي من مخالفة الصفقة لقرارات الشرعية الدولية فيما يتعلق بفلسطين سواء من مجلس الأمن والجمعية العامة والرأي الافتائي لمحكمة العدل الدولية فيما يتلعق بالجدار؟ 3- أين نحن من القدس ومن قرار 181 الصادر عن الجمعية العام الخاص بإقامة دولة عربية ويهودية واقيمت الأخيرة ولم تقم الأولى؟
- ItemTranscending Zionism Identity and Inclusion Across the Borders of its Colonial Schema(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Milhem, Zeina; Ruiz, Laura MenchacaThe Israeli State envisions itself as first and foremost a Jewish state. Its founding narrative is that it offers refuge and safe haven to Jews from around the world, who would otherwise face discrimination. However, seen from a historical perspective, Zionism used non-European Jews as colonial tools to emancipate the European Jew. Within this process of emancipation, new Jewish identities emerged like the “New Jew” and the “Mizrahi” while others have been marginalized like the “Arab Jew”. My research explores the various ways Zionism has included and excluded Jewish groups [Arab Jew and Sephardim] in various stages of its colonial presence in Palestine. I complicate Zionism’s colonial schema through analyzing the role of the Mizrahi in advancing and hindering the process of Zionist nation-building. Through exploring Zionism’s domain of labour in Palestine, this project explores the limits of the borders and boundaries of the Zionist colonial - schema. .
- Itemاستثمار الأراضي الزراعية البور في حل مشكلة البطالة(جامعة القدس، عمادة البحث العلمي, 2020-12-22) الجعبري, هند; رشدي قنيبي, عبيرالملخص: يهدف البحث إلى دراسة إمكانية الاستثمار في الأراضي الزراعية البور للحد من مشكلة البطالة التي تهدد المجتمع الفلسطيني من خلال مقابلة أصحاب الخبرة من المزارعين وإعداد استبيان يبين رأي العاطلين عن العمل في الالتحاق في المجال الزراعي لحل مشكلة البطالة من جهة واستثمار الأراضي الزراعية البور من جهة أخرى. أظهرت النتائج أن للبطالة تأثير على الأفراد وزيادة في المشاكل النفسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية والهجرة. وأن الممارسات السلبية للإنسان وللاحتلال تعتبر سببا رئيسيًا في تدهور الأراضي الزراعية. كما أشارت إلى أهم الطرق للحد من تدهور الأراضي الزراعية كالحصاد المائي. وتوصي الباحثة بضرورة استغلال الأراضي الزراعية البور في توظيف العاطلين عن العمل لسد الحاجة أو اعتبارها مصدر دخل والذي لربما يساهم في انخفاض نسبة البطالة. مقدمة: نظرا للتراجع الكبير في عمليات اعمار واستصلاح الأراضي الزراعية، وبما أن محور الصراع في فلسطين هو الأرض وما تمثله من حالة تحد وانتماء للإنسان الفلسطيني عبر التاريخ؛ لهذا أصبح لا بد من الاهتمام بالأرض والعودة اليها من جديد. وقد أخذت مظاهر التدهور الزراعي بالتزايد خاصة بعد عام 1967؛ حيث سادت ممارسات الاحتلال الإسرائيلي غير الشرعية على عدة مناطق تمثلت في مصادرة الأراضي وتهجير أصحابها وتحويلها الى معسكرات للجيش ومستوطنات وشق الطرق الالتفافية. كما تعد البطالة من المشاكل التي تؤرق الكثير من الدول، ويختلف حجمها من دولةٍ لأخرى تبعاً للخطط الاقتصادية فيها ومدى توفر فرص العمل، حيث تشير الدراسات إلى وجود الملايين من العاطلين عن العمل في أرجاء الوطن العربي، ولهذه البطالة الكثير من الآثار السلبية على الفرد وعلى المجتمع ككل؛ لأنّها تتفشى غالباً بين الأفراد الذين في سن العمل والقادرين عليه ممّا يجعلهم يوجهون طاقاتهم وقدراتهم إلى مجالاتٍ أخرى غير جيدةٍ، كما أنّها تؤخر عجلة النمو والتطور داخل الدولة، وتؤدي إلى ظهور الكثير من المشاكل الاجتماعية والنفسية. أما فيما يتعلق بالأراضي الزراعية البور فإنها عبارة عن مساحات غير مستغلة ومهملة لا يتم زراعتها من قبل أصحابها بسبب توفر فرص عمل أفضل لهم واعتبارها حرفة قديمة متوارثة من الأجداد فيجب أن يتم إحيائها حتى ولو من قبل أشخاص غيرهم بهدف الاستفادة منها وسد الحاجة وحمايتها من التصحر والجفاف واستغلال الاحتلال الإسرائيلي لها. من الاسباب الرئيسية للبطالة: 1-سوء التخطيط الحكومي: فشل الحكومة في استغلال العاطلين عن العمل الذين يتميزون بالكفاءة العالية المطلوبة وعدم محاولتها لحل هذه المشكلة بطرق أخرى مثل: استغلال الاراضي البور لحل مشكلة البطالة ورفع انتاجية الدولة. 2-غياب الوعي لدى الافراد بأهمية الأرض الزراعية والنتائج المترتبة على اهمالها. 3-المهاجرة من الريف الى المدن واهمال الاراضي الزراعية والانشغال بوظائف أخرى نتيجة التقدم التكنولوجي واعتبارها حرفة قديمة غير مجدية للنفع. 4-الأسباب السياسية المتمثلة في سياسة دولة ما أما فيما يتعلق بفلسطين فالأمر متمثل بإعاقة الاحتلال للتوسع في المهن وانشغال المواطنين بالثورات والحروب كحرب غزة ما يؤدي إلى إهمالهم للأراضي. 5-أسباب اقتصادية: زيادة عدد المواطنين وقلة الوظائف المعروضة والاستقالة من العمل من أجل البحث عن عمل جديد واستبدال الأيدي العاملة بالآلات والوسائل المتقدمة واستقطاب أيدي عاملة من الخارج. وتتطلع الباحثة من خلال هذا البحث الى وضع توصيات البحث بين يدي أصحاب القرار فتزيد من سعي الدولة لإيجاد مشاريع للحد من مشكلة البطالة مثل مشروع المدينة الصناعية الزراعية في أريحا الموظف لعدد كبير من المواطنين وحل مشكلة البطالة حتى ولو بنسبة جزئية. والاستغناء عن الاستعانة بالأيدي العاملة القادمة من الخارج واستبدالهم بعمال محليين. وتوعية السكان من اجل تحديد النسل من أجل حل مشكلة الانفجار السكاني وتقليل التعرض للبطالة. وتخفيض رواتب وأجور بعض الموظفين ذو الرواتب العالية التي لا تناسب جهودهم مما يؤدي الى توفير هذا الجزء من الراتب واستثماره في مجال وقطاع أخر يساعد في الحد من البطالة. أهداف البحث: 1-التعرف على أسباب تدهور الأراضي الزراعية وأثره على سكان المنطقة وأصحابها من الناحية الاقتصادية. 2-تحديد أفضل الطرق التي يمكن استخدامها لمقاومة تدهور الأراضي. 3-احياء الأراضي الزراعية وحمايتها من سياسات الاحتلال. 4-لفتح آفاق بحثية تتعلق بالأراضي الزراعية واستصلاحها للحد من شكله البطالة. أساليب وفرضيات البحث: تم وضع مجموعة من الفرضيات وهي: 1-لو تم استغلال كل أرض زراعية بور في توظيف العاطلين ستنخفض نسبة البطالة، وسيقلل من التصحر، وسيساهم في الحد من التغير المناخي. 2-في حال تم استغلال هذه الاراضي وزراعتها فان هذا يعود بالنفع على الفرد ويجني الارباح للدولة، وسيحمي الاراضي من المصادرة من قبل الاحتلال الاسرائيلي. استخدمت الباحثة الاستبيان والمقابلات للوقوف على أسباب البطالة وتدهور الأراضي الزراعية ودراسة إمكانية استثمار الأراضي البور في حل مشكلة البطالة. ثم قامت بتحليل البيانات باستخدام برنامج Excel والخروج بالنتائج والتوصيات. نتائج البحث: لقد أظهرت نتائج تحليل المقابلات أن: • 80% من المشاركين يعتبرون البطالة السبب الرئيس لهجرة الشباب من فلسطين وذلك لوجود فرص عمل ذات أجور مناسبة في الخارج. • 70% يؤكدون أن انتشار الجرائم والعنف والانحلال الأخلاقي مترتب على عدم وجود فرص عمل مناسبة خاصة للشباب. • 92% يعتبرون ان الكثير من المشاكل النفسية كالاكتئاب والانتحار والحرمان بسبب البطالة. • 85% أكدوا أن للعوامل البشرية الأثر الأكبر في تراجع وتدهور الأراضي الزراعية وتحويلها الى أراضي بور. • 65% يعتبرون أن ممارسة أعمال الصيانة، مثل الحراثة وبناء الجدران الإسنادية يساهم في نفاذة التربة. • من أفضل طرق منع تدهور الأراضي الزراعية: استخدام طرق الحصاد المائي، واستخدام المصاطب والأشجار الحرجية. الخاتمة: - هنالك العديد من المساحات الزراعية التي تم تقلصها بسبب سوء استغلالها، كما أن القدرة الإنتاجية لها في تراجع فهنالك الكثير من المحاصيل الزراعية التي تراجعت مساحتها وانتاجيتها مثل العنب والتين. - الممارسات السلبية للإنسان وللاحتلال تعتبر سببا رئيسا في تدهور الأراضي الزراعية. - لو تم استغلال كل ارض زراعية بور في توظيف العاطلين عن العمل لسد الحاجة أو اعتبارها مصدر دخل لربما انخفضت نسبة البطالة.
- ItemDetection of Virulence Gene Profiles of Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria in Human(Al-Quds University, Deanship of Scientific Research, 2020-12-22) Abu-Fanar, Aysha; Al-Jabary, Bisan; Hrinat, Maalem; Ishnaiwer, Murad; Al-Razem, FawziThe spread of opportunistic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitals correlated with several diseases to humans. This bacterium showed high resistance to many antibiotics due to their indiscriminate use, as well as mutations in the pathogenic genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are difficult to treat. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is transmitted to humans in hospitals as being special nosocomial bacteria through ventilators, also through food and water contaminated with these bacteria, which causes muscle fatigue, vomiting and nausea. It also weakens the immune system and is more severe in people who suffer from weak immunity, old age and children, and can lead to death. Therefore, scanning virulence genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa helps understand pathogenesis mechanisms. The main objective of this study was to detect three pathogenic genes in these bacteria: ExoS, Apr, and Pich. Bacteriological samples were collected and detected by the Multiplex PCR mechanism. Results showed that the sizes of genes were: 444bp, 1017bp, and 608bp. The study of the reaction of multiplex polymers to detect genes (ExoS, Apr, Pich) in 32 colonies was provided by Al-Ahli Hospital in Hebron, the percentage of each gene was 95%. In addition to 12 samples provided by the Al-Istishari Hospital in the city of Ramallah, and the percentage of the presence of each gene in these samples 100%. In the antibiotic examination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of 44 samples, the bacteria had antibiotic resistance, 43% and 31% of the bacterial strains were resistant to Gentamicin and Aztreonam, 27% of which were resistant to Meropenem, Ceftazidime and Ciprofloxacin, 18% of which were resistant to tazobactam and 22.7% of which were resistant to Amikacin. The minor objective was to identify MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical isolates. Isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial susceptibility to seven antibiotics, Meropenem, Ceftazidime, Amikacin, Azteronam, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Piperacillin-tazobactam. The results also provided a clear picture of bacterial resistance MDR to these antibiotics by 45.45%.
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