Environmental Studies
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- Item“Assessment of Radiation Protection Awareness, Policies and Practices among Palestinian Radiographers in Governmental Hospitals-Palestine(AL-Quds University, 2018-05-19) محمد سعيد محمد حسان; Mohammad Saeed Mohammad Hassan; عدنان اللحام; Mohammad Hjouj; Mohammad Jamal
- ItemAssessment of Vulnerability and Risk Mapping at Marsaba -Feshcha Catchment(Al-Quds University, 2016-05-05) Mayy Mowaffaq Rahhal; مي موفق رحال
- ItemAzolla Cultivation On Several Types Of Water Using Several Cheap Natural Fertilizers That Are Locally Available In Palestine(Al-Quds University, 2022-05-28) Raid Hassan Mohammed Amro; رائد حسن محمد عمروThe Azolla plant is one of the most important and famous plants that is worldwide cultivated for the production of animal feed. This is due to its cheap cost, rapid growth, and rich protein content, which ranges between (20-30)% of its dry weight. Also for its ease of cultivation, besides being environmentally friendly green fodder. Studies and scientific research dealing with this plant and its economic and agricultural importance to Palestinian farmers are so important in order to introduce Azolla cultivation in the West bank and Gaza strip. The plant is not yet known or widespread in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Hence, it is necessary to conduct an objective scientific study on the ground that confirms and proves the possibility of cultivating this plant in the Palestinian environment using local organic fertilizers and on different types of water. Therefore, we planted several basins of Azolla plant in different environments in terms of temperature, light intensity, type of organic fertilizer and the amount of water used and compared with each other, to study the possibility of cultivating the plant in the Palestinian environment and to identify the most prominent environmental factors that affect its cultivation. This is the first and only study that investigates the possibility of cultivating Azolla in Palestine based on scientific investigations. As it turned out that it is possible to grow the Azolla plant in Palestine with ease and outside the greenhouse for most months of the year, as well as inside it in all months and seasons. It was found that growth rates was higher during the summer by almost half. Also, the Azolla plant can be grown organically using natural organic fertilizers without using any chemical fertilizers. Vermicompost is the best ever among all the other organic fertilizers that can be used. This type of fertilizer does not need agricultural soil when used, unlike the rest of the organic fertilizers, which turned out to be unreliable alone for cultivation of the Azolla plant. Agricultural soil must be added with a height of 3 cm at least inside each basin when using these organic fertilizers. Azolla plant can be grown on many types of water, such as the water from fish farming ponds and the treated waste water secondary or tertiary treatment. The water of fish farming ponds was found the best among these types for cultivation Azolla. Azolla plant can be grown in a healthy manner at varying heights of water Ranging on average from 3 cm and above (it can be planted even in less than this xiv depth). The preferable basins depth during summer was found to be more than 20 cm. This depth was found better for control the temperature of water in the basin and climatic fluctuations between night and day. Within the Azolla basin (3-5) cm, experiments also showed that the Azolla plant multiplies in the Palestinian environment from (6-10) times within one month, i.e. an average of once every 4 days on average. The production per square meter of fresh green Azolla (within 4 days) and after drying in the shade for 5 hours ranged between 800 - 1000 gm. of fresh green Azolla, meaning that the monthly average production of a square meter of Azolla plant is equivalent to 6-7 kg/month. Therefore, the average biomass resulting from an area of one dunum during one month is approximately 6 tons. The results also showed that the growth rate of the Azolla plant is close to the growth rate of the water lentil plant with a relative superiority in favor of the water lentil plant. It was also noted that the environment of the cultivated Azolla ponds could be improved by some additions. As an example for the fish water by adding agricultural soil, and daily stirring once or twice. Daily stirring of the water and soil of the organically grown Azolla ponds contributes to an increase in its growth rate. The intensity of light greatly affects the growth rate of the Azolla plant, its color and appearance. The growth rate of the Azolla planted in the shade (50% of the intensity of natural light) was greater than that directly exposed to sunlight. Sterilization of organic manure by the addition of copper sulphate at a concentration of (5 g/L)was found to play an important role in maintaining the safety of Azolla ponds from harmful algae, fungi and molds. It is also possible to fertilize and stir the water and soil of Azolla ponds built organically using different types of fish such as tilapia and catfish. With the need to take into account the numerical density (fish/square meter) because the goal of it is fertilization, not breeding, in order to maintain a balance between the needs of Azolla and the concentration of organic fertilizer. and Experiments have shown that the monthly water consumption rate by the Azolla plant is approximately equal to 120 m3/dunum. And the palatability of farm animals was noted, different animals can eat Azolla.
- ItemClassification Model for Selecting Appropriate Wastewater Treatment Technology Compatible with the Community Capacity(Al-Quds University, 2023-01-18) Ibrahim Mohammad Yousef Tomizeh; إبراهيم محمد يوسف طميزه; تعتبر معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي قضية بيئية رئيسية لحماية صحة الإنسان في العديد من البلدان في العالم وخاصة في البلدان النامية القاحلة وشبه القاحلة حيث مصادر المياه تعد نادرة ومصدر للصراع بين الأنظمة والتيارات السياسية. قد توفر أنظمة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي المستدامة مصدرًا مستداما للمياه إذا تمت مراقبتها وإدارتها بشكل صحيح ووجود منظمات وطنية ومحلية تعمل على مراقبة خدمات المياه بانتظام وأن يكون لديها مؤشرات مخصصة لقياس فعالية الخدمة، وتتابع منظمات أخرى الخدمة بعد التنفيذ "مراقبة ما بعد التنفيذ". إلا انه لا توجد عملية واضحة لتقييم واختيار التكنولوجيا المناسبة بما يتناسب مع قدرة المجتمع واحتياجاته. على هذا النحو، أدت المعرفة المحدودة لصانعي القرار إلى اختيار حلول غير مستدامة حيث أن 65٪ من المشاريع في البلدان النامية تفشل في مراحلها الأولى. ومع ذلك، تشير العديد من الدراسات والبحوث إلى أن التركيز ودراسة المجتمع يزيد من ملكية المجتمع لهذه المشاريع. تهدف الرسالة إلى تطوير نموذج تصنيف لمحطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي ليكون متوافقًا مع قدرة المجتمع لتقليل الفشل في أنظمة الصرف الصحي. في هذا البحث، سيتم استخدام منهجية (بوعبيد ولويس) بناءً على تحليل ثمانية عوامل قدرة رئيسية لتقييم وتقدير المجتمع ومعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي التقنيات واختيار أنسب التقنيات التي تتوافق مع المجتمع. مع هذا النموذج، سيكون لدى صانعي القرار القدرة على دراسة المشكلة وقياسها وفقًا لمتطلباتهم. فشلت معظم تقنيات الصرف الصحي بعد فترة وجيزة بسبب المراقبة السيئة بعد الانتهاء من تنفيذ المشروع بسبب عدم معالجة اللامبالاة في خصائص المجتمع وعامل القدرة. يحاول العديد من الباحثين العثور على أفضل ما يناسب اختيار تقنية الملاءمة، ولكن بعد اختيار التقنيات، تظهر العديد من الخيارات وبنفس المستوى تؤدي إلى اختيار العديد من التقنيات غير المحددة، مما يؤدي إلى عدم وجود نظام معالجة مستدام، في هذا البحث، ستؤدي بعض المعلمات إلى تضاف لتقليل الخيارات حسب احتياجات المياه المعالجة ومصدرها. يؤدي الامتداد الجغرافي وقلة عدد السكان في الأراضي الفلسطينية إلى تحدي مرهق أمام الحكومات لإنشاء محطات معالجة مركزية لمياه الصرف الصحي في مجتمعاتها، بالإضافة إلى أن 65٪ من الأراضي الفلسطينية هي منطقة ج حيث يُحظر إنشاء محطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي المركزية. علاوة على ذلك، فإن الافتقار إلى شبكات الصرف الصحي والأزمات الاقتصادية تؤدي إلى اعتبار محطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي ذات تكاليف التشغيلية والصيانة المنخفضة، فضلاً عن الأراضي والطاقة الأقل استهلاكًا مثل عملية الحمأة المُنشطة، هي الخيارات الأنسب حتى تتمكن هذه المجتمعات بالقدرة على إدارة وتشغيل هذه المحطات.Wastewater treatment and sanitation is a major issue in protected environment and health in many countries in the world especially in the developing arid and semi-arid countries where water sources in all countries are rare and a source of conflict. Sustainable wastewater treatment systems may provide sustainable none conventional water source if operated and managed properly. There are national and local organizations work on monitoring water services regularly, assignee indicators to measure the effectiveness of the service, other organizations follow up the service after implementation "post-implementation monitoring". As there is no clear process for evaluating and selecting the appropriate technology commensurate with the community's capacity and needs. As such, the limited knowledge of decision makers has led to choosing unsustainable solutions as 65% of projects in developing countries fail in their early stages. However, many studies and research indicated that focusing and studying the community increases the community ownership of these projects by including the community capabilities and needs in the stage of choosing the technologies. Thesis aims to develop classification model for wastewater treatment plants to be compatible with community capacity to reduce the failure in sanitation systems. With this model, the decision makers will have the ability to examine and scale the problem according to their requirement.in this research (Bouabid and Louis) methodology will be use based on analysis eight main capacity factors to evaluate and asses the community and wastewater treatment technologies and chose the most appropriate technology that compatible with the community. Most of sanitation technologies failed after a short period because of the bad monitoring after implementation of the project finalized because of not tacking inconsideration the community characteristics, and capacity factor. Several researchers try to find the best fit of choosing a propriety technology but after selecting the technologies, many options appear and with the same level leading to a selection of many none specific technologies, leading to none sustainable treatment system, in this research some parameters will be added to reduce options depends on the needs of the treated water and the its source. The geographical extension and the sparse population of the Palestinian territories lead to an exhausting challenge for governments to establish centralized wastewater treatment plants for its communities; in addition, 65% of Palestinian territories are area C where it forbidden to establish centralized WWTPs. Moreover, the lack of sewage networks and the economic crises lead to consider the WWTPs with low operating and maintenance costs, as well as the least consuming land and energy, are the most appropriate options so that these communities have the ability to manage and operate these stations.
- ItemEnvironmental and Genetic Risk Factors for Pediatric Asthma in East Jerusalem / Palestine(AL-Quds University, 2007-06-10) كفايه جمعه حامد حامد; KEFAYA JUMA HAMED HAMED; غسان بعلوشة; Dr. Lina El-Khairy; Dr.Hisham DarweeshPediatric asthma is a serious illness that poses tremendous stress on patients and their families alike. Unfortunately the disease's incidence is on a rise worldwide. Pediatric asthma is a chronic disease affecting the small bronchi leading to inflammation with subsequent edema and hypersecretion resulting in narrowing of the lumen demonstrated in cough, dyspnea and wheezes. Pollution, cigarette smoke, dust mite, domestic animal and extreme weather conditions are considered causative and triggering factors. Genetic factors play critical role in respiratory hypersensitivity also identified to be an important risk factor in pediatric asthma. Children are primary victims, being exposed, early on in life, to thousands of attacks of acute severe asthma and requiring hospital referral. The study aims was to identify the most prevalent environmental - genetic risk factors that affect pediatric asthma in east Jerusalem/ Palestine. The sample size consists of 300 children from East Jerusalem between 5 and 16 years old. One hundred patients represent bronchial asthma ,case and 200 with other diseases. The purposive sample is taken from four medical centers in East Jerusalem and two major medical institution ,Al- Makassed Islamic Charitable Hospital and Augusta Victoria Hospital (AVH). The study was approved by the scientific research committee at Al –Quds University, and a permission to conduct the study from the administration of Al- Makassed Islamic Charitable center, the Arab medical health center, the American medical center and from the Palestinian ministry of health center also along with permission from AVH and Makassed Islamic Charitable Hospital was obtained The Alpha 1 Antitrypsin genotype was perform for 50% of the samples (50 case, 100 control) in addition 300 questionnaire was distributed for 300 families of children selected in the study area . Pearson chi square was used to check the association of environmental risk factors that affect pediatric asthma in east Jerusalem Palestine. Result of the study demonstrate that there is a strong association between pediatric asthma and the presence of domestic animal in home , second hand smoking, and family history of asthma is strongly related to asthma .on the other hand genetic risk factor is poorly associated with asthma among children in east Jerusalem /Palestine.
- ItemThe fate of Heavy Metals in Vegetables Irrigated with Raw Wastewater in Palestine: A Case Study of Al-Far’a Area(Al-Quds University, 2020-01-04) Mahmoud Khader Abed Driaat; محمود خضر عبد دريعاتWastewater, and industrial wastewater, is known to be a major source of pollution with heavy metals. The discharge of raw wastewater to the environment without any advance treatment creates the potential for heavy metals contamination to the nearby agricultural lands. Root and fruit vegetables are important kinds of vegetables in the human food diet. These kind of vegetables are rich in vitamins and nutrients. However, root and fruit vegetables should not contain heavy metals over a range of concentrations, which could pose potential health risk to the consumers. Contamination with heavy metals is considered an environmental threat, as these metals are toxic even at low concentrations. This study was conducted to determine heavy metals concentration in root and fruit vegetables in the central Jordan Valley region in Palestine, which includes Nablus east, and Al-Jiftlik village in the West Bank. Thus, vegetable samples, particularly Potato, Zucchini, Eggplants, and Onions, had been collected from different farms, and analysed for different heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Cr, Co, Cd, Mn, Ni, V, and Ba) by using ICP-MS. For some samples, the results were found to be exceeding WHO/FAO permissible limit for human consumption, while other samples were found to be within the safe allowable limit. Cr was found to be the highest in concentration while Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, and Cd were the lowest. Ba and V concentrations varied between high in some samples and low in other, then comes Pb that showed a concertation close to the safe limit of the (WHO). Soil samples in addition to water samples had been also analysed for their content of heavy metals in order to correlate the environmental factors to heavy metal contamination. However, most of concentrations were below the limit set by WHO/FAO and it was hard to build a relationship of soil/water to plant transfer of heavy metals. It was noticed that the Ni, Mn, Co, as an essential elements were found to be very low concentrations in soil, and water samples, and thus their concentration were low in most of the vegetables samples. Cd showed a very low concentration, Cd was very low and even below the detection levels in some of water/soil and vegetables samples. Pb was very low in most of the soil/water samples, while the concentration of Pb in the vegetable samples were little below the permission level, which suggest that even at a low concentration of Pb in soil/water system, the vegetables were able to accumulate Pb in their fruits. Thus it was concluded that the contamination found in the root samples and fruit samples vegetables samples was related to the contamination caused by the discharge of raw wastewater to the environment as the case of Wadi Al-Bathan in Al-Fra' catchment in the central Jordan Valley.
- ItemGeochemical Provenance of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Case Study: Wadi Al-Ghar(Al-Quds University, 2020-08-23) DOHA MAHMOUD MOHAMMAD AWWAD; ضحى محمود محمد عوادSedimentary rocks are considered as a historical record of the different conditions that pass through the region and its composition may be inferred from the development of origin and tectonic setting. Sedimentary rocks are influenced by many factors that create sediments such as chemical weather, climate, and transport. To understand and define the sedimentation environment and its sources, it is important to study geochemical properties. The purpose of this study is to monitor the transport of sediments from one area to another due to surface runoff operations in wadi Al-Ghar area, amount of rain that falls on the area. This study was conducted by estimating the rainfall amounts, then studying the chemical and physical properties of the moving sediments. Where wadi Al-Ghar region is exposed to deep floods from the surrounding areas, the study area was varied in elevation in the range of (400–1000) meters, the slope for the running water was 0.02. These floods affect the geological formation and the arrangement of sand dunes, which are basically sediments are moving from upstream to downstream area. For the methodology we have 48 sediment and runoff samples were collected during two years (2017-2018). The process of collecting samples was in two stages according to Palestine climate wet season (April-May) and dry season (Oct-Nov). Samples point were specified (X,Y,Z) at different altitudes in depth, as it took sediment samples along the stream of the channel more than once to compare the results with each other. The study was divided into several sections: quantities (rainfall) of precipitation, chemical and physical properties of sediments that moved, Rare earth element, isotopes (δ18O, δ13 C), organic carbon and total Nitrogen of both sediments and runoff. Results revealed that the wadi divided into five zones based on the names used in that region: Ma’aza, Am-Gresh, Arab rashayda, wadi al-masyada, Confluence of all wadie’s and Downstream. Based on the geological layers exposed in the study area and depending on the ages in which they were formed, the sedimentary rocks in the study area are similar to a part of the sedimentary rocks that formed in the late Cretaceous period, especially the Cenomanian and Toronian periods. Which covers the Hebron Mountains, and this refers to the erosion factors that were exposed to it, which led to its transmission through surface runoff and then deposition in the form of sedimentary dunes in wadi Al-Ghar. Furthermore it ; the results showed that the sediments are presently moving in the same area, and only a small part is transport to the central regions due to the surrounding influences. It is transmitted through various erosion factors such as slope, soil composition, rocks, geological shape and the difficult environmental conditions that the area is exposed to. Also, the results of the trace elements and the main elements confirm that the type of sediments present is dolomite which contains a high percentage of the following elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na), while the REE results were very few> 0.01. This was attributed to the inability to transport the elements by runoff. Surface and lack of a source for high sedimentary masses. Each of the isotopes O18 ((-2.97_ -4.17), δC13 (-6.24_ -2.97) confirmed the presence of limestone in the sediments. However, the values of TOC and TIC and TNb differ between the samples that were taken due to the different sources and their diversity. On the other hand, it was important to study weathering factors on sediments to understand their effect. It was observed that the ratio of CIW and PIW had a positive and disallowed index of Al motion, as opposed to the proportion of WIP >100 which had a negative index and allowed Al to move. Based on the results, the recommendations are summarized to install a meteorological station to monitor climate change and to take samples of surface runoff during the period of flash flood, while maintaining flow data for continuous periods to monitor erosion and sediment transport in the valley and to collect rainwater to measure rainfall quantities and analyze its chemical and physical properties. In addition to taking samples of sediments for a longer period along the valley to determine its characteristics and modes of movement.
- ItemImpact of Geopolitical Factors on Water Supply Management in Area C,South of Palestine(Al-Quds University, 2020-08-15) Hayat A A Attawna; حياة عوض عبدالعزيز العطاونةWater scarcity constitutes a major problem in Palestine due to population growth, rising living standards, climate change, and Israeli restrictions on water resources and sector development. There is particular urgency to address the water scarcity problems in Area C, one of the most water-deficit areas in the West Bank, Palestine. Most of the Palestinian communities in Area C are not connected to the water network because of the Israeli control and confiscation. As a result, water supply is limited to high-cost water tanks that can only meet basic humanitarian needs. This thesis examines the impact of geopolitical factors on local water management in the West Bank, focusing on Area C, and poses the question of whether these factors can be addressed as obstacles or opportunities for water management. To answer the research question, data was collected through document reviews, semi-structured interviews, and focus group meetings with representatives from the government, the private sector, and local and international non-governmental organizations. The collected data was analyzed using an analytical framework of contextual interdependencies and coding of data by using the Atlas.ti software. The results indicate that restrictions imposed by Israel in Area C, such as obstructing the implementation of projects, demolishing ongoing constructions, confiscating water tanks, and closing the roads to Palestinian communities, negatively impact water management, and have played a significant role in the reduction of support from some donors. On the other hand, there is no Palestinian official representation in Area C that could supervise water distribution and pricing. This results in a higher price of water in those areas, which depend on buying water from tankers. To overcome these constraints, non-governmental organizations use several coping strategies that address management, sustainability or the use of a certain technology. Finally, recommendations were made for all organizations involved in managing water in Palestine that should work together in a better way towards effective and sustainable management of water resources in Area C, and there should be integration in the functions and roles of the water sectors, both governmental and non-governmental organizations. These functions and roles should be represented by the Palestinian Water Authority
- ItemPlant Biodiversity and Nature Protection of the UNESCO Site of Battir Including Wadi Al-Makhrour.(Al-Quds University, 2021-06-05) Israa Yousef Ahmad Al Shwawerah; اسراء يوسف أحمد الشواورهBiodiversity is an essential element of human life as it provides economic, social, and environmental benefits. Plant biodiversity is a major element of the total biodiversity on planet Earth. Plants, with all species, constitute a breathing lung for the human being and other living animal kingdom. Conservation of biodiversity has become a major and urgent issue for humanity mainly due to the scientific observation its significant decline that is caused by the extensive industrialization and human errors in treating the environment. The environment is the major effect on biodiversity conservation, therefore, keeping healthy environment guarantees sustainable biodiversity. Battir and Wadi Al-Makhrour represent the biodiversity of the Bethlehem area of Palestine. This research is a study to provide a list of all the plants that constitute plant biodiversity in the latter, provide an evaluation for the water quality that comes out of the natural springs in the former as well as an analysis for the soil in Battir to provide an analysis for its constituents of minerals and heavy metals. The main aim of this research is to investigate the water and soil quality in order to identify any problems that may affect the conservation of the plant diversity in those areas. The analysis of the three activities were analysed and revealed that a) plants in Wadi Al-Makhrour were diverse and distributed in such a manner that some plants were present along the trail from start to finish, many of the plants were of medical use. b) the water test showed that the water that come out from the natural springs are free from both Fecal and Total Coliform, however, BOD showed that water was polluted with organic matter. Heavy metals measurements were within the allowed percentages quoted by the WHO and the Palestinian Authority standards. d) The soil test results showed that the soil of Battir is mainly Tarra Rossa origins and that the soil types are mainly Clay in both areas with Silty Clay resting on Dolomite rock in one sample. The other sample was on Limestone rock and with the same soil types. The color of the soil samples was the same. TOC showed that both places were of the same level of contamination. pH levels were alkaline. Battir village, as this study revealed suffers from persisting underground pollution due to the use of cesspits as a wastewater system which allows contaminated water to infiltrate into the underground which may well hit the aquifers. Data must be then brought to the attention of decision-makers and stakeholders in order to obtain support from the local surrounding communities. Keywords: biodiversity, environment, Battir, Wadi Al-Makhrour, conservation, sustainability.
- ItemProbiotic Aquaculture Techniques for Fish Production in Jericho (Palestine)(Al-Quds University, 2022-05-11) Samer Munawar Mohammad Jebreen; سامر منور محمد جبرينخلال السنوات الأخيرة ومنذ أكثر من ستين عاما كانت هناك محاولات عديدة لتربية الأسماك في الضفة الغربية وغالبيتها لم يكتب لها النجاح بسبب تحكم الاحتلال بمصادر المياه ومصادر الأسماك بشكل عام وكان لذلك اثرا سلبيا كبيرا على الثروة المائية والحياة الزراعية وبالأخص الثروة السمكية التي تعتبر شبه معدومة في الضفة الغربية ويعود ذلك الى شح المياه، نقص الخبرة، تكاليف الاستثمار في هذا المجال والمنافسة الشرسة لمنتجات المستوطنات والاحتلال. الأسماك التي تم دراستها بتاريخ 20/3/2020 م، من الأسماك المهمة والتي تحتل المرتبة الثالثة من حيث جودتها، تربيتها، تحملها للظروف البيئية واحتوائها على مصدر جيد من البروتين والعناصر الغذائية. من الضروري ان يتم تنشيط القطاع السمكي في الضفة الغربية لما لذلك من أهمية كبيرة على مختلف الأصعدة السياسية، الاقتصادية، الثقافية والتغذية والتي تخص كل مزارع ومواطن. أجريت هذه الدراسة لإيجاد تقنيات جديدة وغير مكلفة تستخدم في تربية الأسماك بحيث تصل نسبة التغيير اليومي للمياه للصفر، تقلل استهلاك العلف، حيث تم استهلاك 211 كغم من العلف الطافي (بروتين 35%) خلال فترة التجربة (125) يوما وتزيد الكثافة السمكية ضمن المتر المكعب الواحد حيث تم وضع 200 سمكة في 5 متر مكعب من المياه في حوض الخمائر مقارنة بالأحواض الأخرى (150) سمكة فقط وتم تغذية الاحواض الثلاثة باستخدام نفس كمية العلف والذي نتج عنه استهلاك كمية علف اقل في حوض الخمائر. تم تجهيز ثلاثة احواض اسمنتية بسعة ستة متر مكعب لكل حوض لأجراء هذه التجربة في منطقة اريحا حيث تم استخدام الخمائر لتغذية البكتيريا التي تساهم في التخلص من المركبات النيتروجينية السامة وتوفير بيئة ملائمة. تم استخدام سمك البلطي (المشط) في التجربة لتوفره وملائمته للظروف المتوفرة في المنطقة دون الاخذ بعين الاعتبار الجنس. من خلال مراقبة الأسماك والبيئة المائية أظهرت التجربة نتائج إيجابية وفعالية جيدة لهذه الخمائر وكانت تراكيز الامونيوم والنترات في حوض الخمائر اقل من الحدود المسموح بها وكذلك باقي الاحواض. تقنية الخمائر توفر بيئة ملائمة لتربية الأسماك وكان اقبال السمك على العلف مناسبا حيث، تمكنت الأسماك من التعايش وحققت نموا جيدا ولم تحدث أي علامات على الاجهاد. استخدام هذه التقنية في منطقة الضفة الغربية كفيل بان يساعد على الاستثمار في مجال الثروة السمكية الذي بدوره يساعد في توفير اسماك محلية للمستهلك الفلسطيني وبالتالي تطوير ثقافة التغذية ليرفع بذلك كمية استهلاك الفرد الفلسطيني من الأسماك. ومن خلال هذه الدراسة، نستنتج أن هناك تقنيات عديدة لتربية الأسماك دون استنزاف الموارد المحلية وخاصة تقنية الخمائر التي تقلص استهلاك المياه الى حدود قصوى، تقلل استهلاك العلف وتزيد الكثافة السمكية ضمن الحوض الواحد مما اضاف قيمة اقتصادية جيدة قد تساعد في تطوير الاستزراع السمكي في الضفة الغربية. توضح هذه الورقة المعرفة الحالية باستخدام الخمائر في تربية الأحياء المائية، وسوابقها، وإجراءات السلامة التي يجب تنفيذها، وتناقش آفاق الدراسة في هذا المجال.
- ItemProduction of Spirulina platensis using Cheap Local Resources in Palestine(Al-Quds University, 2022-05-07) Imad Walid Abed Alrahman Aljabali; عماد وليد عبد الرحمن الجباليIn this study five main experiments were used with different treatments to evaluate the possibility of the cheap aquaculture water such as Tilapia effluents to be used for Spirulinaproduction, and to test if solutions made by plant ash be used for Spirulinaproduction, also if brackish water and mining water have a good impact on Spirulina production, and to create a medium composed of cheap chemicals and fertilizers to be used for Spirulina cultivation, and to test if a mix made from local components be useful to produce Spirulina or not. All experiments were monitored through growth and dry weight measurements including chemical and physical characteristics for the samples with a comparison with Zarrouk medium as a reference used for each experiment alone while all experiments were done for a period of 21 days to find the best media type that stay longer for commercial purposes. In all experiments, pH values were between 8 and 11, and EC was between 9.8-30 mS/cm, while temperature was at 30 ᵒC and 35 ᵒC, and light was at 1500 and 5000 Lux for 16h light and 8h dark. The first experiment was done to evaluate the possibility of using wastewater from Tilapia-fish ponds in ADS to cultivate Spirulina. In this experiment, both treatments began with low concentrations, and the initial absorbance around 0.5 at 880nm. ZM tripled after 8 days while FW doubled in the same period and both treatments stayed at the same level till the end of the experiment. This experiment showed that Spirulina can grow in FW in a similar way like ZM with a price of 0.0015 ILS/L for FW compared to 8.9625 ILS/L for ZM. The second experiment was done through running treatments of fish wastewater, diluted brackish water, plant ash solution, and a mix of them. In this experiment, all treatments began with low concentrations as in experiment one with absorbance around 0.6 at 880nm and most of it tripled after 14 days, and ZM was the lowest one among all; so, from this experiment FW, diluted BW, PAS 3% or a mix of it could be used to cultivate Spirulina with a very cheap price compared to ZM. The third experiment was conducted to evaluate the same components as in experiment two with some modification and addition of new treatments such as mining water and creating new chemical mediums as IMJ and IMJ-1. In this experiment, all treatments began with high concentration with absorbance range between 1.6-1.9 at 880nm for all types. ZM and IMJ were the best types among all other treatments. FW stayed at the same level for the first week and began to grow with fluctuation curve till the end of the experiment. IMJ with a price of 3.66 ILS/L is lower than ZM and could be a good alternative source. The fourth experiment was run at the same time of experiment five. It was a comparison between ZM and IMJ-2. In this experiment, both treatments began with a moderate concentration with absorbance reading of 1.25 at 880nm. ZM doubled nearly after 14 days while IMJ-2 raised by 1.76 times at the same period. IMJ-2 was better than ZM till day 10 and a clear difference shown after that. IMJ-2 with a price of 1.38 ILS/L is lower than ZM and could be a very good cheap alternative source. The fifth experiment was a comparison between ZM, FW, and the following types FW:BW (9:1), FW:MW (9:1), FW:PAS-3% (9:1), FW:IMJ-1 (9:1), and a mix composed of FW:(BW+MW+PAS-3%+IMJ-1) (9:1). In this experiment, all treatments began with moderate concentrations with absorbance around 1.25 at 880nm. ZM and Mix were the best types, while ZM, Mix, and FW:IMJ-1 took a similar behavior until day 10. According to the results of the dry weight we found that it was not representative for the growth of Spirulina, and the reason is still unclear. All treatments that used in this study had lower cost than Zarrouk medium and with some optimization its’ quality could be better. The main result that was obtained from all the experiments in this study is the ability of Spirulina to grow within a wide range of chemical parameters with a cheaper price. Therefore, this study recommends the use of water from fish farming in the production of spirulina after its examination.
- ItemSurveillance of the Microbiological Quality in Indoor Public Swimming Pools in Bethlehem, Palestine(Al-Quds University, 2021-05-30) Nihad Kamal Ahmad Alassa; نهاد كمال احمد العصاSwimming is an important recreational activity in most people, there is a high demand for the use of swimming pools, which makes them more susceptible to microbes and be a vector of infectious diseases, thus increasing the percentage of injuries and risks caused by their use. Accordingly, preventive measures and measures must be put in place to reduce the risk of these places. So we have done frequent microbiological tests of swimming pool water, where the biological factor is an indication of the health of the water and make it safer when using, the greatest damage is biological. In this research we dealt with the three most important microbial tests approved by the Palestinian Ministry of Health and global health, namely total heterotrophic count, psedomonace and E-coli. The aims of research are investigate the microbiological quality of indoor swimming pools water by using conventional heterotrophice plate count and polymerase chain reaction, and to investigate the compliance of swimming pools water with environmental and puplic healthy agencies requierments, guidelines, and regulations. The samples taken showed that the bacteria screening of all pool samples did not exceed the standards approved by the Palestinian Ministry of Health and World Health Organization. But check been showed that 8.3% of the sample is not matching the criteria adopted in the pools A, B and E for pseudomonas, and in pool C presented in 66% of the sample were not accepted but presented about 40% in pool D which were not acceptable to Palestinian criteria. As for the E. coli bacteria, they appeared in one sample each in A, B and C, while Pool E was clean and did not appear in any sample. Quite the opposite in Pool D which had the presence of E.coli in two samples. And for the first time, we did a polymerase chain reaction of these samples, to confirm the presence of these types of bacteria, in addition to knowing the microbes that were present in the pool before. We also took samples from the backwash of the filters and were examined by polymerase chain reaction and we noticed the presence of numbers of bacteria common between the samples and thus confirm the passage of swimming pool water, so the result is interrelated between the pool and the filter and the relationship is strong between them in getting better results for swimming pool السباحة من أهم النشاطات الترفيهية التي تلقى أقبالا كبيرا من قبل الناس خاصة خلال فترة الصيف للاستجمام وقضاء أوقات ممتعه خلال فترة الصيف, حيث يكون استخدام المسابح في الذروة. هذا الاستخدام المفرط لحمامات السباحه يجعل البرك وسط ناقل للميكروبات وللأمراض المعدية, وبالتالي أعتبرنا المسابح مكان يسبب الخطر وينتج عنه أصابات في حالة الأستخدام غير السليم. لذلك تم وضع معايير وأجراءات وتدابير وقائيه من قبل وزارة الصحة الفلسطينية التي تساعد على تقليل التلوث الميكروبي داخل المسابح, حيث تقوم الصحة بعمل فحوصات دورية للمسابح للكشف عن انواع من الميكروبات التي يعتبر وجودها في الماء من الدلائل على عدم نظافتها. حيث يعتبر العامل الميكروبي من اهم العوامل التي تحدد مدى صحة وسلامة مياه المسابح. الهدف من هذه الدراسة كان تقييم لمدى سلامة المسابح الداخلية من التلوث الميكروبي, كانت بأستخدام طريقتين الاولى الطريقه التقليديه لفحص البكتيريا حيث قمنا بفحص ثلاث انواع من البكتيريا وهي البكتيريا البرازيه والتي تدل على مدى نظافة الماء ,و بكتيريا الزيدومونس الذي يعطي مؤشر على كفاءة عملية التعقيم داخل المسبح وفحص للبكتيريا الكلية وذلك بزراعة البكتيريا في الاجار المناسب لها. أما الطريقه الثانيه فهي تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل الذي يعتبر أكثر دقه وذلك لانه لا يحتاج الى وجود بكيتريا حية وأنما نستطيع الكشف عن وجودها بواسطة الجين الوراثي بعمل تضخيم وتحديد نوع البكتيريا الموجودة. ومن خلال النتائج تبين أن معظم العينات قد توافقت مع المعايير الفلسطينيه والعالميه, لكن ظهر عدم توافق في عينه واحدة من العينات في المسابح E, B ,Aلوجود بكتيريا الزيدومونس, وتبين ان المسبح C قد ظهرت في ثمانية عينات, أما المسبح D فقد ظهرت في خمس عينات. أما البكتيريا القولونية فقد ظهرت في عينة واحدة في كل من المسبح A,B,C , وظهرت في عينتين في المسبح D , وكان المسبح E خاليا من البكتيريا القولونيه. لكن البكتيريا الكلية كانت ظاهرة في جميع العينات لجميع المسابح. نتائج PCR جاءت متوافقه مع البكتيريا التي تم زراعتها حيث أظهرت النتائج لكل مسبح القراءات لكل نوع بكتيريا ومدى توافقه مع سلامة المسبح وتلوثه بالميكروب, فهذه الطريقه تعطي نتائج أدق وأكثر تفصيلا لنوع وكمية الملوثات في المياه. أيضا أضفنا لهذا البحث نوع جديد من العينات حيث قمنا بأخذ مياه الغسيل العكسي للفلاتر التي في الاصل تكون ملوثة بالميكروب الموجود في المسبح وقمنا بعمل فحص ال PCR لنؤكد على ان نوع البكتيريا الموجود في المسبح يتواجد أيضا في الفلاتر, حيث أظهرت نتائج هذا الفحص للمسابح A,B توافقها مع نتائج مياه المسبح.
- ItemSustainable agriculture solution for saline soil and brackish water-based irrigation(Al-Quds University, 2023-11-30) Sobhi Salah Sobhi Yaghi; صبحي صلاح صبحي ياغيSalinity is one of the most brutal environmental factors limiting the productivity of crop plants. High rates of evapotranspiration, excessive fertilizer use, and inadequate irrigation water quality are the key contributors to the salinization problem in Jordan Valley. On the other hand, the wastewater treatment plants could produce sludge that is a good source of plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. One of the solutions is the use of Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to utilize nutrients and modify them to be more soluble for plants in the soil to absorb that and usage. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of sludge and PGPR application on saline soil and examine the effect of irrigation with fresh and brackish water on the development of three selected crops: Wheat, Ponicam, and Corn. For this study, twenty-four lines of pipes were distributed on 3 Dunums, where six trials/lines were used for separate treatment: control trials, PGPR trials, Sludge trials, and a mix between Sludge and PGPR trials. Each treatment contained three trials of wheat, corn, and ponicam, and was rinsed with fresh and brackish water in each trial separately. The study was conducted at the Arab Development Society, where sludge samples were brought from the Jericho Wastewater Treatment Plant. The study spanned a duration of ninety days, during which measurements were taken from three distinct periods: 14, 30, and 90 days. Plant measurements were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA at p < 0.05. Results revealed that applying all treatments had no significant mean difference at p < 0.05, where p value was greater than 0.05, for wheat and ponicam but show a significant value for corn, where p value was lower than 0.05, for each plant stem length and width, plant leaf number, plant leaf length, and width. Notably, control treatments exhibited lower measurements for all of parameters compared to the treated samples. After being exposed to PGPR and sludge without fertigation, the plant's health and productivity was improved due to the available elements being supplied to the plant after the action of PGPR on the sludge. This enhancement was evidenced by an increased number of leaves, wider stems, and longer stems observed after a 90-day period. Salt ion measurements in plant tissues show higher sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) concentrations in PGPR and sludge-treated crops compared to the control for corn, wheat, and ponicam. The study recommends the use of PGPR and sludge with fresh water for corn irrigation and suggests further research on Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) and sludge applications. In conclusion, coated seeds irrigated with brackish water exhibit efficiency in overcoming salinity stress, and the addition of sewage sludge partially alleviates the negative impact of salinity stress on plant growth.
- ItemTreatment of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMWW) Using Variable Coagulants with super Flocculants(Al-Quds University, 2018-05-06) Jamila Zhran Ibrahim Zhran; جميلة زهران إبراهيم زهرانOlive mill wastewater (OMWW) management has been a major issue of environmental concern for olive oil producing countries. In Palestine, the problem of untreated OMWW discharge is urgent. Several hundred thousand cubic meters of untreated WW is discharged into open areas (wadies) and cesspools whereas the solid waste (olive husk) is dumped into lands nearby the olive mills without treatment. This increases the risk of contaminating soil, surface water resources, and groundwater aquifers. The negative environmental impact of OMWW is attributed to poor biodegradation and toxicity of polyphenols present in OMWW. In this study, sample of OMWW were collected in October 2016 from Al-Qubayba village in the middle part of west bank (north western of Jerusalem), the level of pollution and their impact on the environment has been determined by measuring physical and chemical properties of OMWW such as: COD, pH, EC, TDS, TSS, TPs. The results revealed that the OMWW have a high risk on environment due to the high phenols concentration that exceeds the maximum allowable limits for discharge to environment or to the sanitary sewer system according to Palestinian standards. The treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) by means of coagulation–flocculation coupling various inorganic materials in different dose and organic polyacrylamide (PAM) was investigated. With respect to their efficiency in terms of total phenols removal and the effect of OMWW application on soil water drop penetration time test (WDPT).
- Itemاختبار فعالية استخدام نظام الدسك المتحرك الدائري الغاطس جزئيا لممعالجة البيولوجية(AL-Quds University, 2007-10-05) عبد الله عدنان شريف أبو كشك; Abdallah Adnan Shareef Abu Kishk; عامر مرعي; Oliver Bederski; لا يوجدDepletion of water resources including deterioration of water quality in Palestine is a very important environmental theme that requires direct and urgent measures. Average per capita water use is among the lowest in the world (60L/C/D) and the average cost of making water available to the public is among the highest (20 NIS/CM). Moreover, groundwater resources are rapidly deteriorated for different reasons; one is due to the infiltration of untreated wastewater that influencing directly the quality and availability of this scarce and essential resource. Moreover, lack of wastewater management has a direct impact on problems related to public health, marine and coastal pollution in Gaza, deterioration of nature and biodiversity as well as landscape and aesthetic distortion. In spite of the fact that Israel prevent the construction of wastewater treatment facilities it still imposes penalties on the Palestinian Water Authority accusing Palestinians of deteriorating the environment. Due to water scarcity and high population growth in Palestine 3.75 %, water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource and planners are forced to consider any sources of water which might be used economically and effectively to promote further development. In this study, the feasibility of using partially submerged rotating contact reactor followed by horizontal subsurface flow soil filter constructed wetland for the treatment of domestic raw wastewater in the study site Langenreichenbach (Saxony), and the feasibility to transfer the technique to Palestine was investigated. The performance of a rotating biological contactor (RBC) followed by horizontal soil filter (HSF) due to high strength raw wastewater treatment application in the treatment pilot plant Langenreichenbach was the subject of this study. The selection of rotating biological contactor (RBC) to pre- treat the influent of horizontal soil filter constructed wetland (HSF), was due to its proved efficiency of high COD and nitrification removal, while using the HSF as demonstrated tertiary treatment for hygienic removal. In addition, taking in consideration the cost effective of such combination system appealed for developing countries. Effects of major process variables such as COD concentration and loading rate, ammonia concentration and loading rate in addition to constant feeding wastewater flow rate on the rate of COD removal, nitrification and nutrients removal efficiency were investigated. The reduction of parasitical load was also investigated. The system was operated under three different condition phases (Initial, Phase1 and Phase 2), where the third operation (Phase2) was the targeted phase with 109 L/h feeding rate. HSF was put into operation on 23/6/2006 and the mode at this was continues flow with loading rate (60 L/m².d = 14 L/h). HSF adapted to work under phase2 operation conditions where average SS concentration inflow into HSF was at the lowest level during this operation phase. The results obtained reflected the high purification level achieved within such combination system that the final effluent met the German and Palestinian (Class A) standard for reuse treated wastewater in irrigation purposes. Recommendations drawn from the results, presented that composite sample must take place to present the raw wastewater influent. However, raw wastewater must be properly pretreated to eliminate the SS and to avoid the excessive sludge at the RBC effluent, as iv well as proper and well designed ST must take place after RBC system to eliminate SS to allowable concentration for HSF influent.
- Itemازالة المايكروبات من مياه الصرف الصحي باستخدام تقنية الاغشية(AL-Quds University, 2011-01-23) ريناد موسى ذياب صالح; Rinad Mousa Deab Saleh; جهاد عبادي; مصطفى خميس; معتز القطب; مروان غانم
- Itemاستخدام المياه المالحة الناتجة من وحدات تحلية المياه في المناطق الفلسطينية لتربية الاسماك البحرية(AL-Quds University, 2013-05-25) رأفت عبد الحميد ابراهيم قباجة; Rafat Abdelhameed Ibraheem QAbaja; معتز القطب; عدنان شقير; عامر مرعي
- Itemالاستعدادات المستحلبات الدقيقة (المرحلة الوسطى) لمعالجة المياه الجوفية(AL-Quds University, 2009-01-27) هديه انور محمد امين عنايه; Hadiyah Anwar Mohammad Ameen Inaya; ابراهيم الكيالي; خالد كنعان; شحدة جودة
- Itemالأثر البيئي لاستعمال المياه المعالجة مغناطيسياً في ريّ محاصيل الأعشاب في منطقة غور الأردن(AL-Quds University, 2019-03-10) مرام هشام خميس بصيله; Maram H. K. Basila; د. عامر مرعي; د. معتز قطب; د. سائد خياط
- Itemالبصل البري(AL-Quds University, 2008-06-10) ناريمان عودة دياب عيسى; NARIMAN OUDEH DIAB ESSA; عامر مرعي; GHADEER OMAR; Dr. Mutaz El-Qotub; Dr. Raed AlkowniIn the Palestinian context, there’s no in depth studies deal with this field except the Palestina Flora. This study was published in 1984, and tackled almost all wild plants species in the historic Palestine. The present study was carried out in four agro-ecological zones in the West Bank, an in-depth field survey was carried out in the semi-coastal lands, high central lands, eastern slope and arid areas, between March 2007 to July of the same year. The study’s objective is to seek the wild Allium species and to study the detecting species in terms of their diversity, abundances, and morphological features. The main findings of this study were as follows; ten wild Allium species were detected in the different agro-ecological zones in the West Bank. The detected species are: A. ampeloprasum, A. phanerantherum, A. hierochuntinum, A. paniculatum, A. pallens, A. desertorum, A. stamineum, A. neapolitanum, A. negevense and A. schubertii. Also, the study findings revealed and stressed on the differences among wild Allium species in terms of abundances in the studied areas. For instance, A. ampeloprasum and A. stamineum were the most dominant species in the studied areas while A. negevense and A. schubertii were the less dominant species comparing to the others found species. Furthermore, 95 specimens of different Allium species were collected, dried, poisoned, and mounted at the Life Science’s Laboratory in An- Najah National University. A special taxonomy key was set up for the detected wild Allium species as well. IV Finally, the study areas are rich in the wild Allium species as they are available, diversified and dominantly existing in the West Bank areas. However, the wild Allium species need more in-depth researches, investigations and studies, as to be conserved, developed and managed in a sustainable manner as a promising and vulnerable subsector.